AP Lit - Vocab (Unit 2 - Poetry)

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AP English Literature and Composition Poetry Vocabulary

78 Terms

1

accent

emphasis or stress placed on a syllable in a word

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2

alliteration

repetition of the same initial consonant sounds in a sequence of words (usually at the beginning) (she sells sea shells by the seashore)

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3

allusion

indirect or passing reference to an event, person, place, or artistic work

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4

ambiguity

a word, phrase, or statement with multiple possible meanings

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5

apostrophe

a figure of speech in which the speaker addresses someone absent, dead, or nonhuman as if it were present and capable of responding

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6

assonance

the repetition of vowel sounds within nearby words in a line or verse (the rain in spain falls mainly on the plain)

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7

ballad

a narrative poem (often of folk origin) intended to be sung that tells a story (often about adventure, romance, or tragedy)

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8

ballad stanza

four-line stanza with an alternating rhyme scheme (usually ABCB) and alternating lines of four and three beats

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9

blank verse

unrhymed iambic pentameter (commonly used in english dramatic, epic, and reflective verse)

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10

cacophony

use of harsh, jarring, and discordant sounds to convey a particular emotion or tone

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11

caesura

a pause or break within a line of poetry anywhere within the line

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12

connotation

a word’s implied or associative meaning behind its literal definition

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13

consonance

repetition of consonant sounds within or at the end of nearby words (the lumpy, bumpy road)

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14

couplet

two consecutive lines of poetry that rhyme

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15

heroic couplet

a rhymed pair of lines in iambic pentameter, often in epic and narrative poetry

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16

diction

the choice and use of words in writing or speech

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17

elegy

a mournful, reflective poem lamenting the death of a person or reflecting on a tragic theme

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18

end-stopped line

a line of poetry that ends with a natural pause (usually marked by punctuation)

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19

enjambment

the continuation of a sentence or phrase from one line of poetry to the next without a pause or punctuation at the end of the line

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20

epic

a long narrative poem typically about heroic deeds and events significant to a culture or nation

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21

epigram

a short, witty, and often satirical poem usually conveying a single thought or observation

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22

euphony

the use of pleasant, harmonious, and smooth sounds in language often created by the combination of vowels and soft consonants to produce an appealing effect

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23

foot

the basic unit of measurement in poetry consisting of a specific pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables

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24

iambic foot

a foot with an unstressed syllable followed by a stressed syllable (de-LIGHT)

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25

trochaic foot

a foot with a stressed syllable followed by an unstressed syllable (TA-ble)

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26

dactylic foot

a foot with a stressed syllable followed by two unstressed syllables (HAP-pi-ly)

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27

anapestic foot

a foot with two unstressed syllables followed by a stressed syllable (un-der-STAND)

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28

form

the structure or organization of a poem that provides a framework for its content and style (sonnet, haiku, free verse)

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29

free verse

poetry that does not follow a fixed meter or rhyme scheme, allowing for line length and rhythm flexibility

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30

hyperbole

an exaggerated statement or claim not meant to be taken literally, used for emphasis or effect

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31

iambic pentameter

a line of poetry with five iambs (ten syllables) often in english verse (especially in shakespearean plays)

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32

imagery / image

descriptive language that appeals to the senses and creates mental pictures

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33

lyric

a type of poetry that expresses personal thoughts, emotions, and feelings in a musical or song-like style

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34

metaphor

a figure or speech that directly compares two unlike things without the use of like or as

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35

standard metaphor

a straightforward comparison (time is a thief)

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36

implied metaphor

a metaphor that suggests a comparison without directly stating it (the wind whispered)

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37

extended metaphor

a metaphor that is developed over several lines or throughout a poem

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38

dead metaphor

a metaphor so commonly used it lost its impact (the foot of the hill)

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39

mixed metaphor

a combination of incompatible metaphors (often unintentionally humorous)

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40

meter

the rhythmic structure of a poem determined by the number and type of feet in each line

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41

metonymy

a figure of speech in which a thing is referred to by something closely associated with it (“the white house” for the u.s. government)

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42

narrative poem

a type of poem that tells a story, often with characters, dialogue, and a plot

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43

octave

an eight-line stanza or the first eight lines of an italian sonnet, typically with an ABBAABBA rhyme scheme

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44

ode

a formal, often ceremonious lyric poem that addresses and praises a person, place, thing, or idea

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45

onomatopoeia

words that imitate natural sounds associated with their meaning (buzz, bang, hiss)

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46

oxymoron

a figure of speech that combines two contradictory terms (jumbo shrimp, deafening silence)

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47

paradox

a statement that appears self-contradictory of illogical but reveals a deeper truth upon reflection (less is more)

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48

parody

a humorous imitation of a serious work or style, often exaggerating characteristics for comic effect (snl skits)

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49

persona

the voice or character adopted by the poet, speaker, or writer, often distinct from the author’s own personal voice

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50

personification

a figure of speech that gives human qualities, emotions, or actions to animals, objects, or abstract ideas

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51

prosody

the study of the rhythm, meter, and sound of poetry including patterns of stress, intonation, and the structure of verse

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52

pun

a play of words that exploits multiple meanings of a word or similar-sounding words for a humorous or rhetorical effect

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53

quatrain

a stanza or poem consisting of four lines, often with a specific rhyme scheme (ABAB or AABB)

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54

rhyme

the repetition of similar sounds in two or more words, especially at the end of lines

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55

slant rhyme

a rhyme where sounds are similar but not identical (bridge and grudge)

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56

masculine rhyme

a rhyme involving single-syllable words or where the final stressed syllable is matched (cat and hat)

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57

feminine rhyme

a rhyme involving two syllables, where the first syllable is stressed and the second is unstressed (rattle and battle)

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58

end rhyme

a rhyme that occurs at the end of lines in a poem

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59

internal rhyme

a rhyme that occurs within a single line of poetry

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60

rhythm

the pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables in a line of poetry, creating a flowing sound

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61

scansion

the analysis of a poem’s meter, marking the stressed and unstressed syllables to identify its rhythmic structure

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62

sestet

a six-line stanza or the final six lines of an italian sonnet

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63

sestina

a complex, structured 39-line poem composed of six six-line stanzas and a three-line envoi, using repeated end words in a fixed pattern

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64

simile

a figure of speech that directly compares two different things using like or as (as brave as a lion)

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65

sonnet

a 14-line poem with a specific rhyme scheme and meter

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66

english or shakespearean sonnet

a sonnet composed of three quatrains and a final couplet with a shyme scheme of ABAB CDCD EFEF GG, usually in iambic pentameter

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67

italian or petrarchan sonnet

a sonnet divided into an octave and a sestet, typically with a rhyme scheme of ABBAABBA for the octave and various patterns for the sestet

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68

spondee

a foot with two stressed syllables in a row (heartbreak)

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69

stanza

a group of lines in a poem, set off by a space, that forms a unit similar to a paragraph in prose

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70

stress

the emphasis placed on certain syllables or words in poetry or speech

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71

symbol

an object, character, figure, or color used to represent an abstract idea or concept

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72

synecdoche

a figure of speech in which a part is used to represent the whole or vice versa (wheels for car)

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73

tercet

a three-line stanza, often with a rhyme scheme, as in a haiku or the terza rima form

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74

terza rima

a three-line stanza form with an interlocking rhyme scheme (ABA BCB CDC)

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75

understatement

a figure of speech in which a statement is made with less strength or emphasis than is appropriate, often for ironic effect

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76

villanelle

a 19-line poem with a specific structure of five tercets followed by a quatrain, with two repeating refrains and a rhyme scheme of ABA

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77

pastoral

a type of poem that idealizes rural life and landscapes, often focusing on the simplicity and beauty of nature

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78

romanticism

a literary and artistic movement emphasizing emotion individualism, nature, and the imagination over reason and societal norms

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