Bio final vocab i dont know

surface tension

a property of liquids like water, arises from the strong cohesive forces between molecules at a liquids surface. Forces cause the surface to act as if it were stretched, elastic membrane

adhesion

the ability of different substances to stick to one another

cohesion

the force that allows molecules of the same substance to stick together (important with water)

hydrocarbon

organic molecules made up of only carbon and hydrogen atoms

catabolism

the part of the metabolic process that breaks down large, complicated molecules into smaller ones in order to produce energy

anabolism

the metabolic process of building complex molecules from simpler ones, a process that requires energy

lipid

a group of fatty or waxy organic compounds that are generally insoluble in water but soluble in nonpolar solvents

hydrolisis

a chemical reaction where a molecule is broken down by the addition of water

dehydration synthesis

a chemical reaction where two molecules combine to form a larger molecule, with a molecule of water being removed as byproduct

catalyst

a molecule that speeds up a chemical reaction without being permanently changed itself

cell membrane

found in all cells and separates the interior of the cell from the outside environment.

phospholipid bylayer

allows the cell to be selectively permeable

phospholipid

a type of lipid characterized by having a phosphate group and 2 fatty acid chains attached to a glycerol backbone

vacuole

a membrane bound organelle within a cell that is filled with fluid and can store various substances, including water, nutrients, and waste product

vesicle

a small, membrane bound sac within a cell that transports and stores substances

nuclear envelope

a highly regulated membrane barrier that separatesnucleo the nucleus from the cytoplasm in eukaryotic cells

nucleolus

an area inside the nucleus of.a cell that is made up of RNA and proteins and is where ribosomes are made

cytoskeleton

within the cytoplasm of cells and provides structural support and maintaining cell shape

microtubules

hollow cylindrical structures within eukaryotic cells, primaraly composed of protien tubulin. they play a key role in cell division

microfilaments

thin, threadlike structures composed of actin protein found in the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells

intermediate filaments

part of the cytoskeleton providing structural support and cell shape, and are found in most eukaryotic cells

ribosomes

translate genetic info (mRNA) into amino acid chains, which then fold into functional proteins.

rough endoplasmic reticulum

series of connected flattened sacs part of a continuous membrane organelle within the cytoplasm of eukaryotic cells, that plays a central role in the synthesis of proteins

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

an organelle in eukaryotic cells that lacks ribosomes and is involved in various functions, including lipid synthesis, detoxification, and calcium ion storage

golgi apparatus

gel like fluid, it prepares proteins and lipod molecules for use in other places inside and outside the cell

lysosome

breaks down waste materials, cell debris, and foreign invaders, playing a crucial role in maintaining cell and health function

cell wall

a rigid, external layer that is specifically designed to provide structural support and rigidity and keeps the interior components of the cell intact and safe from external environment

central vacuole

stores water and waste products and contributes to cell growth and structure

plasmodesmata

microscopic channels that connect the cytoplasm of adjacent cells, enabling communication and transfer of materials between them

centrioles

found in animal cells and have a crucial role in cell division specifically in organizing microtubules during mitosis and are involved in organizing the cells internal structure

homeostasis

ability of the body to maintain a stable internal environment despite changes in external conditions.

stimulus

a detectable change in the enviorment, internal or external, that elicits a physiological or behavioral response in an organism. can be physical+chemical

positive feedback loop

a mechanism where the output of a system strengthens the original stimulus, leading to an amplification of the response and pushing rhe system away from its starting state

negative feedback loop

a regulatory mechanism where a change in a system triggers a response that conteracts that change, bringing the system back to a stable state.

permeable

a membranes ability to allow substances to pass through it

fatty acid

the building blocks of the fat in our bodies and in the food we eat

hydrophilic

“water loving” those that readily interact with and dissolve in water

hydrophobic

substances that repel water/do not readily interact w it

passive transport

movement of substances across a cell membrane without requiring the cell to expend energy. when molecules move from areas of high concentration to areas of low concentration

tonicity

the relative concentration of solutes separated by a semipermeable membrane

osmoregulation

the process by which organisms regulate the concentration of water and iona in their body fluids and maintain a suitable level of water potential - important for maintaining homeostasis

turgid

refers to cells or tissues that are swollen due to their update of water

flaccid

describes plant cells or tissues that have become soft and limp due to a loss of turgor pressure, meaning the cytoplasm has shrunk away from the cell wall

plasmolyzed

describes a plant cell that has lost water and its protoplasm shrinks away from the cell wall due to being in a hypertonic solution

lysed

a cells outer membrane has been broken down, causing the cells contents to be released

active transport

requires energy to move substances against a concentration or electrical gradient like paddling upstream

passive transport

does not require energy as substances move along their gradient like moving downstream

exocytosis

a biological process where cells release molecules and waste produces to the outside by fusing transport vesicles with the cell membrane

endocytosis

a biological process where the cell takes in substances from its external environment by engulfing them within a vesicle, which is a pocket-like structure formed by the cell membrane

phagocytosis

a process where a cell engulfs and ingests large particles, such as bacteria, dead cells, or other debris, from its surroundings

chemiosmotic gradient

the difference in concentration and/or charge of ions across a membrane, which stores potential energy that can be used to power cellular processes

chemosynthesis

a biological process where certain organisms primarily bacteria and archaea, produce food using energy derived from chemical reactions rather than sunlight as in photosynthesis

alternation of generations

a life cycle in plants, algae, and some fungi where a multicellular haploid generation alternates with a multicellular diploid generation

tata box

DNA sequence that indicates where a genetic sequence can be read and coded where transcription begins

nondisjuntion

the failure of chromosomes to separate properly during cell division (meiosis or mitosis) resulting in daughter cells with abnormal chromosome numbers

okazaki fragments

short segments of DNA approximately 150-200 base pails long, that are synthesized discontinuously on the lagging strand during DNA replication