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asiento
Permission granted from Spain to Britain to send enslaved Africans to Spain's American colonies. Only ones doing it.
Middle Passage
Route overseas that slaves went on. Known for its hardship. If a slave got sick, would be thrown overboard. The strong would survive. (also known as "Triangular trade" in which European ships carried manufactured goods to Africa, then transported enslaved Africans to the Americas and the Caribbean, and finally conveyed American agricultural products back to Europe)
Tidewater
Was the eastern coast where the land was fertile. Especially from the Chesapeake South. Too Hilly in New England
Piedmont
Means foothills. Referring to area of Chesapeake South. between the coastal plain and the Appalachian Mountains: parts of Virginia and North and South Carolina and Georgia and Alabama. Poorer whites looking for land would go there.
"task" system
Slaves did daily jobs. Did it because it was different than Chesapeake. Would give slaves rewards for completing work.
indigo
Plant that was extracted, could die clothes, rich purplish blue.
staple crop
Crop that can be sold all over the world for mass profits. Sold for cash. Grow a lot, sell for a lot. Also known as cash crop.
James Oglethorpe
Founded Georgia wanted to make a colony as a barrier to spanish expansion. He was a reformers, let deptters come to Australia. Didn't allow liquor or slavery at first. Founded Georgia in 1732.
gullah
Common language of mixed African roots. Was considered unintelligible to most whites.
mulattos
A child of a white owner and a slave woman.
mestee
A person of mixed race
War of Jenkins' Ear
Happened 1739, between British and the Spanish. Began because of Spanish attacks on British merchants in the West Indies
Stono Rebellion
Rebellion in the town of Stono where South Carolina seized a store containing weapons and went around beating drums, headed towards florida and burnt houses and killed whites along the way and yelled Liberty. Had over 100 slaves. But split up and ended after a battle with colonies militia. 200 slaves died, and 24 whites.
Cotton Mather
Massachusetts Theologian who said that wealth religion and freedom wen't together.
impressment
kidnapping poor men on the streets for maritime service.
republicanism
Celebrated active participation in public life by economically independent citizens at the essence of liberty.
liberalism
Believes individual and private liberty, A political ideology that emphasizes the civil rights of citizens, representative government, and the protection of private property. This ideology, derived from the Enlightenment, was especially popular among the property-owning middle classes.
John Locke
Leader of liberalism. Believed in balanced constitution.
salutary neglect
Because they were preoccupied with events occurring in Europe and rivalries the British government adopted this policy meaning that the colonies were largely governing themselves. With the imperial authority being so weak a lot of large landowners dominated the colonial assemblies
colonial assemblies
Elected officials, would try and control finance,
unicameral legislature
A one house legislature. Occurred in Pennsylvania when a single house legislature was ellected. Would be controlled into the middle of the 1700s by a group of quaker merchants.
"political nation"
Was dominated by the American Gentry, had members that would address letters to each other.
Junto
Club that proliferated and debated literary, philosophical, scientific, and political issues. Was as "club for mutual improvement." It was founded by Ben Franklin in 1727. Started with only a dozen members. Would become the American Philosophical Society.
American Philosophical Society
Orignally Junto, founded by Ben Franklin, would debate issues such as literary philosophical, scientific and political issues. Members were men of property and commerce, though sometimes normal people came.
broadside
a large sheet meant for posting poetry political messages in English.
Boston Newsletter
The First continuously published newspaper in the US. Started in 1704.
Pennsylvania Gazette
Very well edited newspaper published in Philadelphia and would be bought by Ben Franklin.
the New England Courant
Run by the brother of ben franklin, Ben worked there as an intern earlier before he would buy the Gazette.
"seditious libel"
While after 1695 government could not censor newspapers, books and pamphlets but they could still be persecuted for this. It was a crime that included defaming government officials, or would be punished for contempt
Cato's Letters
Letters that would be reprinted in newspapers in where Trenchard and Gordan had strong prosecutions for libel. Said that "Without Freedom of thought, there can be no such thing as wisdom, and no such thing as public liberty, without freedom of speech."
John Peter Zenger
German born printer whom emigrated to New York as a youngster. He was paid for by the rich opponents of Governor Will Cosby, started a newspaper called the Weekly Journal. This said paper would rip on the govenor. The new York Council ordered the four issues to be burned and he was arrested for being a seditious libel. Would be found not guilty. Sent message that libel cases are difficult to find guilty of.
Enlightenment
During the 18th century (1700s) there were many in America who had began to feel interested by the outlook of the European Enlightenment. This movement originated in france but soon spread to Britain. It was applying the scientific method to careful thinking. This idea crossed over into the United States with goods and peoples.
Poor Richard's Almanac
Published by Ben Franklin, was widely criticized. Was filled with bits of observation and common sense advice (the saying, "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise,"). It was the most popular almanac in the colonies.
Deists
Type of religion that was a belief that god essentially withdrew after he created the world leaving a world to function according to since without divine intervention. Belief in miracles, were outdated.
natural laws
revealed by Issac Newton were laws that governed the universe of science. These laws greatly influenced religion.
presidios
military outposts established by Spanish. Famous ones were Los Adaes, La Bahía, and San Antonio.
Father Serra
Born on Mallorca, founder of first California mission. Converted thousands of indians to Christianity. Being considered to become a saint by the catholic church. However forced labor and disease were common among the indians in his reservations.
Ohio Valley
Valley in Ohio that was caught up in a struggle between the French, British & Indians.
Ohio Company
In 1749 government of Virginia gave a half million acres of land to this company. George Washington was a member
Fort Necessity
fort built by George Washington in the Ohio Valley to protect the English from the French and indians. Did not hold up against the French and Indian
Fort Duquesne
In modern day Pittsburgh, an expedition lead by General Edward Braddock ended in a french ambush. 2/3 of the 3000 soldiers died or were wounded.
William Pitt
Prime Minister of Britain, took office in 1757. Raised lots of money, and put lots of money into the naval forces and army. Strategy was to provide funds to prussia and Austria, so they would hold the line against France.
Peace of Paris (1763)
Ended the Seven Years War in Europe and the parallel French and Indian War in North America. Under the treaty, Britain won all of Canada and nearly all of the modern United States east of the Mississippi.
balance of power
Before didn't want once country to have complete power, but After the Peace of Paris the power shifted to the main dominating country being England.
Pontiac's Rebellion
In 1763 the Indians of the French Valley launched a revolt against the rule of the British. Hundreds of white settlers were killed.
Paxton Boys
Had a march on Philadelphia in 1764, protesting Quaker tolerance of Indians; Wanted to attack Indians who were in the city.
Albany Plan of Union
Drafted by Ben Franklin, the plan was to create a grand council composed of delegates from each colony. Each colony would send representatives to New York to discuss topics such as Indian policy and trade. The plan failed in the 1754 proposal by the seven northern colonies in anticipation of the French and Indian War, urging the unification of the colonies under one crown-appointed president.
(Hint that colonies would one day be unified. Would be rejected by the colonial assemblies.)
citizen-soldier
Helped fight for the Americans. Were often undisciplined.
Juggernaut
Unstoppable Force. People were heading west, and couldn't be stopped.
revival
Was a change in religious thinking. Great Awakening was this. Emotional and Personal.
rationalism
Thinking rationally. Deists. Believed in reasoning.
fundamentalism
Literal interruption of the bible, and very big devotion to church.
Jonathan Edwards
Preacher during the great revival said, " "Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God"
Said by Jonathan Edwards, would sometimes be said outside. NOT supported or encouraged by established churches.
Dissenting Churches
Churches that split off and made their own religion. Part of great awakening.
Old Lights
Group of baptists. More established, traditional.
New Lights
Group of baptists. New more emotional. Started by George Whitefield
George Whitefield
Started the Great Awakening, also a leader of the New Lights
First Great Awakening
Religious revival in the American colonies of the eighteenth century during which a number of new Protestant churches were established. Spontaneous upsurge in religious revival. Most famous preachers were Jonathan Edwards and George Whitefield. Came from the people. Preachers were self educated (NOT FORMALLY TRAINED). Encouraged emotional and personal Christianity. New denotations sprang up and old ones split apart. The baptists split apart.
Chesapeake hierarchy due to slavery
large planter, numerous lesser planters/ yeomen, convicts, indentured servants, tenant farmer, slaves; consolidated social elite
Mayflower Compact
an agreement that bound the signers to obey the government and legal system established in Plymouth Colony
House Of Burgesses
an assembly of elected representatives from Virginia that met from 1643 to 1776
indentured servants
a form of labor in which an individual is under contract to work without a salary to repay a loan.
What did Anne Hutchinson and Roger Williams have in common?
Both were banished (kicked out) from Massachusetts for challenging religious leaders and being "dissenters."
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