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Operational Definition
A definition specifying the operations or procedures used to produce or measure something, often giving it a numerical value.
Dependent Variable
The outcome variable that is being measured in an experiment, such as a depression score.
Independent Variable
A variable that is manipulated or controlled in an experiment to observe its effect on the dependent variable.
Experimental Group
The group in an experiment that receives the treatment being tested.
Control Group
A group treated in the same way as the experimental group, except it does not receive the experimental treatment.
Placebo Effect
A person's response to a placebo, which can be positive or negative depending on their expectations.
Correlation Studies
Research examining the statistical relationship between two variables.
Naturalistic Observation
A research method involving observing subjects in their natural environment without interference.
Self-report Inventories
Surveys or assessments that ask participants to report on their own thoughts, feelings, and behaviors.
Descriptive Statistics
Used to summarize data, including measures like mean, median, and mode.
Inferential Statistics
Tools used to make inferences about the larger population from sample data.
Causation
The relationship between cause and effect, which cannot be inferred from correlation alone.
Research Methodology
The systematic approach to collecting and analyzing data in research.
Psychological Construct
A way to describe aspects of human behavior, emotion, or experience that is difficult to physically measure.
Convenience Sample
A sample that includes anyone who is available, often lacking generalizability.
Random Sample
A sample in which every individual in the population has the same chance of being chosen.