Encountering World Music Exam 2: Ireland and Spain

Ballad

Story song. Usually in strophic or verse-chorus form.

Binary Form

2 sections (AB or AABB)

Bouzouki

Originally Greek. 8 strings in double courses. Brought in 1960s

“Come All Ye” songs

Warning songs. Come listen to my warning

Emigration

The act of leaving a country or region to settle in another.

Free Rhythm

No regular beat. Unmetered

Gaelic

Celtic language spoken in Ireland, Scotland, and the isle of man. Originated in Ireland then spread to Scotland

Jig

Binary form. “Rashers and sausages”. Lively dance with leaping movements. 6 8

Oral Transmission

Music that is learned by ear. Most Irish trad

Ornamentation

All the extra, little notes. Characteristic to Irish Style

Pub

Polite bar with live music

Reel

“Black and pepper”. Most common instrumental dance. Alternating traveling steps and set steps. 4 4

Sean-nos

Old style songs. Ex. Creggan Graveyard

Session

Plays in background. Not presentational concert. Consists of either instrumental dances, accompanied songs, or solo songs

Set dance

Social dance with 4 sets of partners in a square formation. everyone knows dance moves already.

Step Dance

dancing with a straight upper body, arms straight down, and intricate footwork. Focus is on individual performance. competitions

Trad

Irish traditional music

The Troubles

1969 - 1998: Northern Ireland had a lot of civil tension (small civil war). Bombings, assassinations, riots. About 3500 deaths (large amount of their population). 1990 peace cord settled some tension but not all

Uilleann Pipes

Irish bagpipes. chanter and drones (regulator drones)

Acculturation

learning a culture’s norms

Andalusia

a place in the south. Associated with flamenco

Andalusian Cadence

chord progression sequence used in flamenco styles. Emin-d-c-b

Andalusian Mode

blend of major and minor scale. E-E on white keys with g#

Cafe-cantantes

polite spanish bars with singers. Style becomes more commercialized, standardized, professionalized, popular with middle class

Cante flamenco

used to express intense emotion (related to tarab in north africa)

Compas

metric cycle (in 12 = 3+3+2+2+2) with emphasis on beats 3 6 8 10 and 2

Guitar Finger-picking

guitar technique where you pluck the strings with your fingers instead of a pick

Flamenco

a form of song, dance, and instrumental music associated with Andalusian Roma (gypsies) of southern Spain/ started in 1880s

Flamenco Nuevo

genre born in 1980s Spain. Combines traditional flamenco style with more popular genres of music

Gitano

Roma or Gypsies culture. folk culture. arived in spain early 15th c. lower class

Melisma

several notes per beat/syllable (ornamentation)

Opera flamencia

1920s -50s. style became very commercialized, replacing guitar with lush orchestral accompaniment. encouraged tourism.

Palmeros

rhythmic clapping

Phrygian Mode

minor with lowered second scale degree. E-E on white keys

Polyrhythm

multiple interlocking rhythms happening simultaneously

Roma

culture that Andalusian comes from

Guitar strumming

when you use your fingers or pick to brush over several strings simultaneously, creating chords

Vocables

non-lexical syllable that still has meaning. spoken or sung word

Ayeo

emotional vocables to express grief

diction

how clearly you speak or sing

what does flamenco music include?

Singing (cante), instrumental music (especially guitar), and Dance (baile). lots of improvisation

What does the guitarist provide in flamenco music?

rhythmic structure, articulates chord progressions, and reacts to how the singer sings or dancer dances

De Color De Cera, Mara

1941 performed by Pastora Pavon. Ole!, course singing style, improvised continuous guitar, melismatic, strophic form, Palmeros, diction is not clear, homophonic (melody and accompaniment

Solea De Alcala

Andalusian mode, Palmeros, guitar, homophonic, compas, polyrhythm

What was an important way of preserving traditional Irish culture?

music

When did Irish emigration start and why?

late 1600s due to potato famine, anticatholic/Irish legislation, and economic depression

Potato Famine

1845-1851. over 1 million deaths and about 3 million emigrated to America

When was there a flowering of Irish culture in Ireland and what did it do?

In the 19th c. It fed into Irish nationalism which made ¾ of Ireland become independant from Britain in 1922

What is Irish music associated with?

pub culture

3 genres of Irish trad

sean-nos, instrumental dances, and emigration

Creggan graveyard

lyrics from 18th c. strophic form, monophonic texture, in Gaelic, melismatic, free rhythm

common irish trad instruments

harp and banjo

irish trad instruments added in mid-20th c

tenor banjo, guitar, bouzouki, mandolin, bodhran

older irish trad instruments

fiddle, tin flute, accordion/concertina, uilleann pipes

Harp. Associated with Ireland for 1,000 years

Banjo. due to emigration it became incorporated into Irish music. 4 string, mellow sound, used for melodies

bouzouki. 8 strings in double courses

bodhran. irish frame drum

uilleann pipes. irish bagpipes. chanter and drones

Common characteristics of instrumental dance

binary form and Jigs or reel

Garrett Barry’s Jig

uilleann pipes, binary, jig

Maid behind the Bar/Greggs pipes

AABB/ABC, reels, binary

River Dance

Irish step dance

caledonian dance

series of reels, binary, set dance

the green fields of canada

early 19c, describes how wonderful it is to emigrate to canada, monophonic, melismatic, free rhythm

edward connors

early to mid 19c, performed with accompaniment, steady beat/rhythm, ornamentation, bouzouki, come all ye song

thousands are sailing

written and performed by the pogues in 1988, accompaniment, lots of instrumentation, more current/less traditional, multiple singers, punk style, no melismas

traditional flamenco characteristics

harmony, modes, harmonic progression (andalusian), virtuosic guitar, improvisation

New flamenco characteristics

electric bass, bongos, no clapping, flute

Spain by chick Corea

andalusian mode/cadences, clapping, virtuosity, woo, improvisation

cultural norms in music

modes, chord progressions, forms, common melodic patterns, standard articulations on guitar, guitar techniques, metric style

increasing commercialization in Spanish and Irish traditional music

incorporation of elements from popular music. purpose to get wider audience, expanding beyond original roots

monophonic

one melodic line. one layer

homophonic

melodic line and accompaniment

homorhythmic

multiple layers in harmony. same rhythm

heterophonic

multiple versions of the same melody with variation

2 new musical elements added to flamenco music in second half of 20th century

influence of jazz and rock and new instruments like electric guitar or flute