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the bones feel bonita
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axial skeleton
the bones that form the longitudinal axis of the body
appendicular skeleton
the bones of the limbs and girdles
skeletal system
includes joints, cartilages, and ligaments (fibrous cords that bind the bones together at joints). The joints give the body flexibility and allow movement to occur.
bones store…
fat, like a cushion so that they dont shatter under shock
Compact bone
dense and looks smooth and homogeneous
Spongy bone
is composed of small needlelike pieces of bone and lots of open space
long bones
typically longer than they are wide. As a rule they have a shaft with heads at both ends.
mostly compact bone.
All the bones of the limbs, except the patella (kneecap) and the wrist and ankle bones, are long bones.
Short bones
generally cube-shaped and contain mostly spongy bone.
The bones of the wrist and ankle are short bones.
Sesamoid bones, which form within tendons, are a
special type of short bone. The best-known example is the patella.
Flat bones
thin, flattened, and usually curved. They have two thin layers of compact bone sandwiching a layer of spongy bone between them
Most bones of the skull, the ribs, and the sternum (breastbone) are flat bones.
irregular bones.
Bones that do not fit one of the preceding categories
The vertebrae, which make up the spinal column, and the hip bones fall into this group.
diaphysis
shaft
composed of compact bone
makes up most of the bones length
periosteum
the fiborus covering of the diaphysis
perforating fibers
secure the periosteum to the underlying bone.
epiphyses
ends of the long bone.
consists of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing an area filled with spongy bone.
Articular cartilage
instead of a periosteum, covers its external surface.
glassy hyaline cartilage provides a smooth, slippery surface that decreases friction at joint surfaces.
epiphyseal
bony tissue spanning the epiphysis that looks a bit different from the rest of the bone in that area.
part of a young growing bone
osteocytes
The mature bone cells
lacunae
matrix of tiny cavities
lamellae
lacunae are arranged in concentric circles
osteon
Each complex consisting of central canal and matrix rings
perforating canals
run into the compact bone at right angles to the shaft.
ossification
bones develop using hyaline cartilage structures as their “models.”
stage one of ossification:
hyaline cartilage model is completely covered with bone matrix (a bone “collar”) by boneforming cells called osteoblasts. So, for a short period, the fetus has cartilage “bones” enclosed by “bony” bones.
Stage 2 of ossification
the enclosed hyaline cartilage model is digested away, opening up a medullary cavity within the newly formed bone.
By birth or shortly after, most hyaline cartilage models have been….
converted to bone except for two regions—the articular cartilages (that cover the bone ends) and the epiphyseal plates.
Appositional growth
widening of the bone:
Osteoblasts, which are bone-forming cells, create new bone tissue on the outer surface of the bone.
Osteoclasts, which are cells that break down bone, remove bone from the inner surface (in the bone marrow cavity), making space for the new growth.
both processes happen at the same rate, so that the bones widen