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Accountability

The obligation of individuals or organizations to account for their activities, accept responsibility, and disclose results in a transparent manner.

Electoral Accountability

A mechanism in democracies where voters can reward or punish politicians based on their performance, thereby holding them accountable.

Social Accountability

A form of accountability that involves direct citizen engagement outside of elections, enabling citizens to voice concerns and hold authorities responsible.

Principal-Agent Model

A model describing the relationship where principals employ agents to act on their behalf, while facing challenges like information asymmetry.

Information Asymmetry

A situation where one party in a transaction has more or better information than the other party, leading to potential issues like moral hazard.

Horizontal Accountability

The accountability exerted by public agencies and institutions over one another, often through checks and balances.

Cash on Delivery

A payment scheme where funds are provided to countries only when they meet certain development targets.

Clientelism

A political system where goods or services are exchanged for political support, often undermining accountability.

Moral Hazard

A situation where an entity is more prone to take risks because they do not bear the consequences of their actions.

Participatory Budgeting

An democratic process in which community members directly decide how to spend part of a public budget.

Collective Action

Action taken together by a group of people to achieve common objectives.

Free Riding

A situation where individuals benefit from resources, goods, or services without paying for them, leading to underproduction.

Backlash

A strong adverse reaction to a change or situation, particularly when individuals or groups feel threatened.

Incentives

Factors that motivate individuals to perform an action, which can take the form of rewards or punishments.

Public Services

Services provided by the government to its citizens, often funded through taxation.

Demand-side Accountability

A form of accountability focused on what citizens demand from their governments, rather than what governments supply.

Electoral System

The method by which voters can express political preferences and ultimately determine how votes are translated into seats in government.