Microbiology Exam 3

What is a bacterial phylum made of

share key traits as well as ancestry.

How does bacteria vary

In their structure and metabolism

Deep branching phyla show

unusually large genetic divergence from other bacterial clades

Cyanobacteria are and contain

Only O2 producing bacteria and contain carboxysomes and gas vesicles

What does cyanobacteria tend to look like

Unicellular, filamentous, or colonial

What phyla are in gram positive bacteria and their details

Firmicutes low-GC, Actinobacteria high-GC

What does the phylum Firmicutes include

Endospore-forming rods Bacillus and Clostridium and Non-spore formers Listeria, lactic acid bacteria, Staphylococcus including Streptococcus and Mollicutes

What is involved with the phylum Actinobacteria

Actinomycetes (Streptomyces) and Non-mycelial forms (Mycobacterium and Corynebacterium)

Proteobacteria, which comprises what?

Alpha, beta, gamma, delta, and epsilon

Deep-branching phyla comprise of what

Acidobacteria, Bacteroidetes, Chlorobi, Nitrospirae

Spirochetes are sheathed spirals with inner flagella such as

Treponema, Borrelia, and Leptospira

Chlamydiae are

intracellular parasites

Planctomycetes have

nucleus-like compartment

Verrumicrobia have

cell projections with tubulin

The aquificae and thermotogae are

The most extreme bacterial hyperthermophiles that tend to be anaerobes due to oxygen solubility

Thermus species is

Moderate thermophiles, and heterotrophs

Deinosuchus radiodurans are

Not thermophilic, resists extremely high radiation and desiccation and has thick cell wall S-layer

Chloromosomes are

Forms of filamentous mats in association with thermophilic cyanobacteria that may appear red or yellow owing to accessory pigment

What are some deep branching gram negatives

Bacteroidetes. chlorobi, Nitrospirae, acidobacteria, fusobacteria

What does Bacteroidetes and chlorobi contain

Bacteroides have ferment complex carbohydrates and chlorobi has anaerobic green sulfur phototrophs

Nitrospirae contains

Oxidize nitrite to nitrate

Acidobacteria has

Soil bacteria

Fusobacteria are where

in the mouth are human pathogens

Emerging clades are

clades of microbes that are defines as being extremely small being able to pass through 0.2picometer filter

The cyanobacteria is named for

phycocyanin accessory pigments possessed by may genera

Cyanobacteria is

only bacterial oxygenic phototrophs and conduct the photosynthesis in thlyakoids that fit CO2 in carboxysomes and fix N2 in heterocysts

What are some single celled cyanobacteria

Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus and Microcystis

Synechococcus and Prochlorococcus are abundant where

Are abundant phototrophs in the ocean

Microcystis are abundant but dangerous to what

Freshwater microbe that can form blooms and has dangerous toxins

What is filamentous

Oscillatoria, Nostoc. and Anabaena

What forms small groups or larger colonies

Gloeocapsa and Merismopedia and Pleurocaspsa

What does Pleurocaspa reproduce

It reproduces through baeocytes

microbial mats participate through what

Salt marshes, sand flats, and cyanobacteria

Cyanobacteria have what kind of relationship

mutualistic

Phylum Firmicutes and Phylum Actinobacteria both HAVE

thick cell walls that retain crystal violet during gram stain

Vegetative cells develop

inert endospores in times of starvation and stress

A sporulating cell produces

a crystal that contains an insecticidal protein known as delta endotoxin

§Lactic acid bacteria are

Aerotolerant

Lactic acid bacteria produce what for food

Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, and Leuconostoc

§Listeria monocytogenes are

Non spore forming Facultative anaerobe

§Listeria monocytogenes causes

listeriosis which are severe gastroenteritis that can progress to the nervous system. This happens by taking up the macrophages then hijacking the actin propulsion system to penetrate neighboring host cells

What does staphylococcus has

Facultative anaerobes that have cocci in clusters with s. aureus of MRSa

Non spore forming streptococcus contain

Aerotolerant of cocci in chains that have S. pneumoniae and s. pyogenes

Mycoplasma causes

pneumonia and meningitis by pleomorphic cells that are fried egg colony shaped

Phylum Actinobacteria

Actinomycetes form complex multicellular filaments

Streptomyces

Obligate aerobes; major antibiotic producers with a shape of linear chromosomes with telomeres

Mycobacterium have

thick cell walls with mycolic acids and phenolic glycolipids that causes M. tuberculosis, M leprae and M. smegmatis

the triple-layered Gram-negative cell envelope share

Outer membrane, cell wall (periplasm), and cell membrane

Photoheterophs are and how do they grow

Unicellular and grow AER and ANA

Methylotrophs are and have what

Oxidize single-carbon compounds that has -Methylobacterium and Hyphomicrobium

Endosymbionts are and contain

Nitrogen fixers and plant roots that have Rhizobium and sinorhizobium

What are Endosymbionts in

host cells, the bacteria lose their cell wall and become rounded bacteroids, specialized for nitrogen fixation and the host plant cells provide the bacteroids with nutrients, as well as leghemoglobin, a protein that draws away oxygen to maintain anaerobiosis

What are Rickettsia

They are intracellular pathogens where their clades include mitochondria

What does rickettsia rickettssii cause

They cause Rocky mountain spotted fever that are spread by ticks

What are the two Betaproteobacteria

Photoheterotrophs and lithotrophs

Photoheterotrophs are

Lateral transfer from alphaproteobacteria

What does Lithotrophs have

Nitrifiers oxidize ammonia to nitrite. This is Nitrosomonas that used in wastewater treatment

What does sulfur and iron oxidize

Thiobacillus

What bacteria does pathogens have

Neisseria gonorrhoeae and Burkholderia cepacia

What Does Neisseria gonorrhea

They form diplococci causing sexually transmitted diseases gonorrhea in humans

What is Burkholderia cepacia

This is a common plant pathogen that is a major opportunistic invader of the lungs of cystic fibrosis patients

What are the sulfur lithotrophs

Beggaitoa and acidithiobacillus

What is Beggiatoa

They oxidize H2S to S0 which collects as periplasmic granules

What is Acidithiobacillus

They oxidize iron and sulfur known for its role in acidification of mine water which contributes to leaching of iron and copper

Enterobacteriaceae are

Many species that are motile with numerous flagella that undergo aerobic or anaerobic respiration but ferment rapidly on carbohydrates

What is a bacterium that Enterobacteriaceae contains

This is E. Coli where strains grow normally in the intestine and cause serious illness especially in children

What is Myxococcus xanthus

This is a soil bacterium that can grow as isolated cells or aggregate into fruiting bodies if starved

How does Myxobacteria move

Have no flagella, but they move along a surface by using a form of motility called gliding

What is Bdellovibrio

This is a parasite proteobacterial cell that is a small comma shaped rod with a single flagellum that attacks the cell. Penetrating into the periplasm where they use hoist resources to grow causing the host cell eventually bursts releasing the newly formed attack cells

What are the Microaerophilic helical pathogens

Campylobacter jejuni and Helicobacter pylori

what do -Helicobacter pylori do

They cause gastritis and stomach ulcers, where they bury themselves in
The epithelial layer, where they neutralize their acidic surroundings by secreting the urease enzyme to convert urea to NH₄⁺ and CO₂

What does borrelia burgdorferi cause

lyme disease

what does Leptospira species cause

Leptospirosis

What does Treponema pallidum cause

syphilis

What do Chlamydiae, Planctomycetes, and Verrucomicrobia have

Several related phyla of bacteria have either no cell walls or diminished cell walls. These organisms evolved independently of the mycoplasmas that are alternative cell forms that show diverse enviormental adaptions

What are the phylums two genera

Chlamydia trachomatis, Chlamydophila pneumoniae

What are the two developmental stages of Chlamydiae

Elementary body and reticulate body

What do Chlamydiae elementary body entail

Extracellular dissemination

What do Chlamydiae reticulate body entail

Intracellular replication

What are Planctomycetes

They are oligotrophic residents of aquatic, marine, and saline environments that have a double membrane that surrounds the nucleoid, analogous to a nuclear membrane with most producing budding and less of a cell wall for annamox users

Verrucomicrobia has

Wrinkled microbes that irregularly shape bacteria found in a variety of aquatic and terrestrial habitats. Most being oligotrophs that are ectosymbionts of protists. Having a cytoskeleton that appears to contain tubulin that arose through horizontal transfer from a eukaryote

The domain Archaea includes what three major phyla

Crenarcheaota, Thaumarcheota, and Euryarchaeuta

What is crenarchaeota