Taylor downs final exam

What is the general idea regarding authoritarianism and development?

To achieve rapid development, governments may restrict civil and political rights, as a strong, centralized authority is believed to produce growth.

Name three countries that are examples of authoritarian success in development.

South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan.

What are common failures associated with authoritarian regimes?

Poor growth, corruption, inefficient bureaucracies, economic mismanagement, and lack of innovation.

How do democracies compare to authoritarian regimes in terms of development?

Democracies develop more slowly but more consistently and sustainably, with rights protecting people from arbitrary state actions.

What role does the rule of law play in economic growth?

The rule of law is a major component of long-term economic growth and development.

What is a key difference between past and present regarding human rights?

In the past, rights were non-existent for almost everyone, whereas now there are global organizations enforcing human rights norms.

How are development and human rights linked?

Violating human rights undermines development by damaging people's welfare and capabilities, while rights enable development.

What are civil rights?

Rights that protect individuals from predatory states.

What are political rights?

Rights that create accountability and transparency in governance.

What are legal rights?

Rights that stabilize property and contracts.

What are social rights?

Rights that create educated and healthy populations capable of sustaining growth.

What is the significance of the Equal Pay Act of 1963?

It aims to abolish wage discrimination based on sex for equal work.

What was the outcome of the Anita Hill v. Clarence Thomas case?

It brought national attention to issues of sexual harassment in the workplace.

What is the maternal mortality rate in the US compared to Canada?

The US has a maternal mortality rate of 17.4 per 100,000 live births, which is three times more than Canada.

What percentage of women were elected leaders globally in 2022?

30 out of 152 elected leaders, which is approximately 19.7%.

What is CEDAW?

The International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women, adopted by the UN in 1979.

What is a significant statistic about women in US politics in 1981?

Sandra Day O'Connor became the first woman to serve on the Supreme Court.

What is the maternal mortality rate for Black women in the US in 2018?

37.1 per 100,000 live births.

What are the exceptions to the Equal Pay Act?

Payments based on seniority, merit, quantity/quality of production, or any factor other than sex.

What does the term 'authoritarian consolidation' refer to?

The process by which authoritarian regimes strengthen their control and suppress rights as they develop.

What does the term 'political inclusion' refer to in democracies?

The expansion of rights and participation in governance over time.

What is a notable fact about women's representation in Rwanda's parliament?

Rwanda has the highest percentage of women in a lower/single house of parliament at 61.3% in 2022.

What is the significance of the #MeToo movement?

It highlighted the prevalence of sexual harassment and assault, leading to greater awareness and advocacy for women's rights.

What is the relationship between repression and innovation?

Repression drives away potential innovators and suppresses creativity.

How does corruption relate to weak rights?

Corruption increases when rights are weak, as there is less accountability.

What does UN Resolution 1325 address?

It addresses the disproportionate impact of armed conflict on women and calls for their equal participation in peace and security.

When was UN Resolution 1325 passed?

In 2000.

What is the Equal Rights Amendment (ERA)?

It states that equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged on account of sex.

When was the ERA passed by Congress?

In 1972.

How many states ratified the ERA by the deadline?

35 states ratified it.

What were some arguments against the ERA?

Opponents argued it would disadvantage housewives, lead to women's drafting into the military, enforce unisex bathrooms, and decrease legal protections like alimony.

Who staged a coup in Iran in 1921?

Reza Kahn.

What was the outcome of Operation Ajax in 1953?

The CIA-MI6 coup led to the Shah's return to power and Iran becoming a strategic US ally.

What was the White Revolution in Iran?

A series of economic and social reforms from 1963 to 1979, including land reform and women's suffrage.

What triggered the Iranian Revolution in January 1978?

Demonstrations against the Shah, who was seen as corrupt and a puppet of the US.

What was the Iranian Hostage Crisis?

It began on November 4, 1979, and lasted 444 days, with demands for the return of the Shah to Iran.

What was the outcome of the Iran-Iraq War?

It lasted 8 years, with significant casualties and the use of chemical weapons by Iraq.

What was the Iran-Contra affair?

The Reagan administration sold weapons to Iran and used the proceeds to fund contra forces in Nicaragua.

What is the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA)?

An agreement limiting Iran's nuclear program in exchange for lifting sanctions, agreed upon in April 2015.

What happened to the JCPOA in 2018?

President Trump withdrew the US from the agreement, leading to renewed sanctions on Iran.

What slogan was used in Iranian women's protests?

"Death to the Dictator" and "Women, Life, Freedom".

What does the capabilities approach in development emphasize?

It emphasizes individuals' capabilities to achieve valued outcomes and understands poverty as capability-deprivation.

What are the three key issues in the capabilities approach?

Structure, Agency, and Intersectionality.

What does 'Structure' refer to in the context of development?

The organization of society, including processes, laws, and cultural norms that influence choices.

Define 'Agency' in development.

The ability of individuals to act independently and make choices aligned with their values.

What is 'Intersectionality'?

The focus on how individuals have multiple identities based on social relations and structures.

What is the significance of quota systems in women's political representation?

Quota systems are tools used to increase women's representation in political offices.

Which country ranks first in women's political representation as of October 2025?

Rwanda, with 63.8% women in the lower/single house.

What percentage of women in Nigeria's political representation as of October 2025?

4.2%.

What is the informal economy?

Unregulated and untaxed economic transactions, such as street vendors and domestic workers.

What are some advantages of the informal economy for women?

Income generation, flexible hours, low entry barriers, and social safety nets.

What are some disadvantages of the informal economy for women?

Low wages, no benefits, lack of legal protection, discrimination, and health/safety risks.

What are the main goals of UN Women?

Promote women's political participation, strengthen economic empowerment, end violence against women, and increase women's roles in peace and security.

How does climate change disproportionately affect women?

Women face increased vulnerability due to limited access to resources, education, and political power.

What is the first wave of feminism focused on?

Contract and property rights for women, as well as the right to vote.

What was the slogan of the second wave of feminism?

"The personal is political."

What does the third wave of feminism challenge?

It challenges definitions of femininity and emphasizes intersectionality, including race and class.

What characterizes the fourth wave of feminism?

Technology-driven activism focusing on sexual harassment, accountability, and expanded intersectional lens.

What is the main focus of the Paris Climate Agreement?

To unite countries in efforts to combat climate change and limit global warming.

What was the outcome of the 2014 kidnapping of Chibok schoolgirls?

It brought international attention to Boko Haram and launched the #BringBackOurGirls campaign.

What is the main ideology of Boko Haram?

Opposition to Western-style education and secular government.

What significant event occurred in 2009 regarding Boko Haram?

The group became radicalized after Nigerian forces killed several of its members.

What happened to Boko Haram in 2015?

It aligned with ISIS and was renamed Islamic State in West Africa Province (ISWAP).

What are the environmental impacts of slash and burn farming?

It leads to soil degradation and loss of nutrients, making land unsustainable for farming.

What is the role of the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)?

To ensure clean air, land, and water for Americans based on scientific information.

What happened to the EPA under the Trump administration?

Proposed budget cuts and removal of references to human activity contributing to climate change.

What is the significance of the Amazon rainforest in environmental discussions?

It plays a crucial role in global climate regulation and biodiversity, with significant deforestation concerns.

What is the impact of overfishing on bluefin tuna populations?

The Pacific Bluefin population was depleted by more than 97% of its historic high by 2014.

What are some problematic fishing practices?

Bottom trawling and technological improvements that harm seafloor coral and commercial fishing nets.

What is the environmental justice definition by the EPA?

Fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all people regardless of race, color, national origin, or income.

What is the significance of the Kayapo Indigenous group?

They are prominent protesters against environmental issues in Brazil, advocating for Indigenous rights.

What was the deforestation rate of the Amazon from July 2019 to July 2020?

4,280 square miles, which is 12 times the size of New York City.

What is the potential consequence of 25% deforestation in the Amazon?

Parts of the rainforest may not generate enough rain to sustain themselves.