ch 16 pct

24-hour urine specimen

a urine specimen consisting of all urine voided in a 24-hour period.

catheter-associated urinary tract infection (CAUTI)

an infection that occurs in the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney when bacteria travels up a catheter.

chronic renal failure (CRF)

a progressive condition in which the kidneys cannot filter certain waste products; also called chronic kidney failure.

clean-catch specimen

a urine specimen that does not include the first and last urine voided; also called mid-stream specimen.

condom catheter

a catheter that has an attachment on the end that fits onto the penis; also called external or Texas catheter.

dialysis

a process that cleans the body of wastes that the kidneys cannot remove due to kidney failure.

end-stage renal disease (ESRD)

condition in which kidneys have failed and dialysis or transplantation is required to sustain life.

indwelling catheter

a catheter that remains inside the bladder for a period of time; urine drains into a bag.

ketones

chemical substances that the body produces when it does not have enough insulin in the blood.

micturition

the process of emptying the bladder of urine; also called urination or voiding.

renal calculi

kidney stones.

routine urine specimen

a urine specimen that can be collected any time a person voids.

specific gravity

a test performed to measure the density of urine.

sphincter

a ring-like muscle that opens and closes an opening in the body.

straight catheter

a catheter that does not re-main inside the person; it is removed immediately after urine is drained or collected.

urinary incontinence

the inability to control the bladder, which leads to an involuntary loss of urine.

urinary tract infection (UTI)

an infection of the urethra, bladder, ureter, or kidney.

voiding

the process of emptying the bladder of urine; also called urination or micturition.

Urinary System Components

Kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra, and meatus

Kidneys' Primary Role

Filter waste and toxins from the blood, regulate electrolytes, blood pressure, and water balance.

Ureters' Function

Transport urine from kidneys to the bladder, preventing backflow

Function of Urinary Bladder

Stores urine until ready to be expelled from the body

Main Functions of Urinary System

Eliminates waste, maintains water balance, regulates electrolytes, and assists in blood pressure regulation

Age-Related Changes in the Urinary System

Decreased kidney filtration, weakened bladder muscle tone, higher infection risk

Normal Urine Appearance and Smell

Clear or transparent with a faint smell

Urine Color Changes

Certain foods (beets, berries) and medications can turn urine pink or red

Spinal Cord's Role in Urination

Controls bladder muscle contractions and sphincter relaxation for urination

Encouraging Healthy Urination

Encourage fluids, exercise, frequent bathroom trips, and privacy

Stress Incontinence

Urine loss due to increased abdominal pressure, like from sneezing or laughing

Catheter Types

Straight (temporary), indwelling (permanent), and condom catheter for males

Preventing CAUTI

Wash hands, keep the genital area clean, secure tubing, and keep drainage bag lower than bladder level

Common Urinary System Disorders

UTI, chronic renal failure, end-stage renal disease, urinary retention, kidney/prostate cancer

What are four functions of the urinary system?

Eliminate waste, maintain water balance, regulate electrolytes, and assist in blood pressure regulation

List four normal age-related changes of the urinary system.

Decreased kidney filtration, weakened bladder muscle tone, more frequent urination, and higher infection risk

List three normal qualities of urine.

Clear or transparent, faint smell, light yellow color

What is the best position for women to urinate?

Sitting

What is the best position for men to urinate?

Standing

Why are women more susceptible to urinary tract infections (UTIs) than men?

Women have a shorter urethra, making it easier for bacteria to reach the bladder

How should residents cleanse after elimination to prevent infection?

Wipe from front to back

What is dialysis?

A process that filters waste and excess fluid from the blood when the kidneys are not functioning properly

Define five different types of incontinence.

Stress incontinence: Loss of urine with physical stress (sneezing, laughing)
Urge incontinence: Sudden, intense urge to urinate
Mixed incontinence: Combination of stress and urge incontinence
Functional incontinence: Caused by physical or mental barriers
Overflow incontinence: Bladder overflow causes leakage

Why should a drainage bag for a catheter always hang lower than the level of the hips or bladder?

To prevent urine backflow into the bladder, which can cause infection

What items should not be included in a urine specimen?

Stool, toilet paper, or other contaminants

List four things reagent strips can test for in urine.

pH, glucose, blood, specific gravity

What type of catheter is removed immediately after urine is drained and does not remain inside the bladder?

Straight catheter

Approximately how long after fluids are consumed should a nursing assistant offer a resident a bedpan, urinal, or trip to the bathroom?

Thirty minutes