ARC-1013 Final Exam

architecture responds to the _____ of its users and rises to the level of ______

needs

art

architecture is connected to a particular ______

place

architecture relates to the specifics of _____, ______ and _______

geography, climate and surroundings

why is architecture important

it permanently records a civilizations aesthetic tastes, material resources, political and social aspirations

architecture helps define _______

place

What are Vitruvius 3 principles essential to Architecture?

1) firmness(structure)

2) commodity (function)

3) delight (beauty)

architects shape ____ by using the following elements: solids, voids, scale, massing, proportion, rhythm, color, texture, light

space

the relationship between ___ and ____ creates architectural space

solid and void

designing one side of a space to mirror the opposite

symmetry

architectural elements that are unevenly spaced in size, shape or position

assymetry

the size or proportion a building element appears to have relative to other elements of known or assumed size

visual scale

architects use _________________ to help convey visual scale

scale figures

quantified relationship among the parts of the element to the whole

proportion

known since greek mathematician Euclid, an irrational proportion with special mathematical and spatial relationships applicable to a wide variety of phenomena including aesthetics, art, music, and nature. "a line is cut in such a way that the smaller section is to the greater as the greater is to the whole" approximately 8:5

Golden Section

who created the drawing of body's balanced proportions

Leonardo da Vinci

Le Corbusier's Modulor

Le Corbusier created a series of harmonic numbers: one was the average height of the human being, the other the height of a man with raised arms

composing 3d shapes or volumes into a building design

massing

a particular or distinctive form of artistic expression characteristic of a person, people or period

style

the built or natural environment that surrounds new buildings

context

who said "God is in the details"

Mies van der Rohe

roof that slopes to one side

shed roof

roof that slopes to two sides

gable roof

roof that has sloping ends and sides that meet at a ridge

hipped roof

roof that combines two different pitches below the ridge. named for French architect Francois Mansart

Mansard Roof

A roof that has no or little slant and is prone to water damage.

very common today

flat roof

walls having a timber framework with spaces filled with masonry plaster

half timbered wall

wooden siding laid horizontally

clapboard siding

wood siding laid vertically consisting of wide boards and narrow battens

board and batten siding

walls made out of brick, stone or concrete blocks

masonry walls

a round headed window flanked by two smaller windows

Palladian window

a window having two vertically hung sashes each in separate tracks

double hung window

a vertical window in a projection built out on a sloping roof

dormer window

a window projecting from the surface of the wall to allow light from three sides

bay window

a horizontal band of windows

ribbon window

a window sash opening on hinges generally attached to the side of the frame

casement window

a portion of an interior rising above adjacent rooftops and having windows to admit daylight

clerestory windows

doorway associated with romanesque and gothic architecture

arched doorway

a doorway that includes a triangular shaped element

pedimented doorway

door opening with a semicircular above and flanked by vertical window similar to Palladian window

Venetian doorway

door having rectangular glass panes extending throughout its length often hung in pairs

French door

examples of building type

train station, airport, cathedral, bank, palace, castle, skyscraper, temple, factory

An architectural form which has become accepted by society through repeated used

building type

3 things needed for any architectural project

need

land (site)

financing

architecture today is very _____. "an architect is different from an engineer or interior designer because he or she creates both the exterior and interior of the building-not just the structure or decoration of the rooms" -Deborah Deitch

complex

a client's list of practical requirements for a design project

the building program

steps required to become a licensed architect

5 year Barc or 4+2 MARC or 3+ year MARC

minimum 3 year internship

pass 9 part ARE 4.0 exam

basic archtectural services consist of the following phases

schematic design - 15

design development - 25

construct documents - 35

building and contract negoationn - 5

construction phase - 20

A series of flat views of an object showing it exactly as it is in shape and size, 2d

includes planning, section and elevation

orthographic drawing

depicts and requires measurement in 3D

lines are parallel

axonometric drawing

depicts and requires measurement in 3D

this is how we view things

parallel lines recede in depth to a point

perspective drawing

under othographic: plan

looking down

under orthographic: section

cut in half

under orthographic: elevation

looking at face

the force of all immovable elements in a building ex floors, walls

dead loads

forces from all movable elements of a building ex furniture, people

live load

single stone standing upright

menhirs

several stones supporting a stone slab

dolmen

circular ditches around which some megalithic monuments are arranged

henges

huge stones arranged in a circle

Cromlech

type of pyramid with sides that rise in giant steps

step pyramid

3rd pyramid, built by Seneferu, first attempt at classic shape but made too steep and had to be sloped

bent pyramid

A pyramid with straight sides that represented a solid form of sun rays, up which the king could climb to reach his father Re. These pyramids were also made of limestone

straight sided pyramid

doser's step pyramid

Saqqara

bent pyramid in Dahshur

Sneferu's south pyramid

7 wonders of the ancient world

1. Great pyramid of Egypt

2. Hanging gardens of Babylon

3. Statue of Zeus at Olympia

4. Temple of Artemis of Ephesus

5. Mausoleum at Halicarnassus

6. Colossus of Rhodes

7. Lighthouse of Alexandria

first recorded architect - "the one who comes in peace"

born a commoner

between 2700 to 2600 Zoser hired Imhotep to design and build his tomb

Imhotep "translated" traditional building materials of mud, wood, and reeds into stone

Imhotep was also an astronomer, magician, and a doctor

Imhotep

temple at karnac

bud columns, papyrus bundles

tombs for kings on West Bank of nile river

covered in reflective limestone

gold veneer on top

sculptural objects on landscape

Egyptian pyramids

collective eternity

if Pharoah lives forever, so does population

effort to celebrate individual

Egyptians believe in afterlife

pyramids represent

sun rays to eternity

architectural form which is accepted by society through repeated use

building type

precursor to Greek architecture

Mycenae 1300 BC

sense of structure was inherited from neolithic period

walls beyond narrow to allow defenders increased opportunity to repeal attackers

Lion's Gate

what are greeks united by

language

greeks live under governing institutions founded on what 3 things

democracy

private property

individual freedom

-oldest, simplest, most massive

-columns placed close together, often no bases

-plain capitals

-entablatures have metopes and triglyphs

Doric order

-Developed in Ionian Islands

-Characterized as delicate order - "female"

-Contrasted with "male" Doric order

-Used for smaller buildings and interiors

-Easily recognizable by

-Volutes on Capital (based on nautilus shells or animal horns)

Ionic order

-variation of Ionic Order

-same as Ionic except a new type of Capital

-capital is more ornate

-acanthus leaves

-often found on interiors

Corinthian order

Combines Ionic volutes with Corinthian acanthus leaves

-A Roman innovation

composite order

what is considered the perfection of ionic order

temple of Athena nike

refined perfection of doric order

located on acropolis

supreme example of classical architecture

parthenon

what did lord Elgin purchase for the British museum from the turks

marble

sculpted female figure used as a column

caryatid

sculpted male figures as columns

atlas

sought immortality through achievement

excellence in deeds

record accomplishments so remembered forever

Greeks

conquered the greeks

brought classical architecture to roman empire

1/5 of world was under their rule

made space and image into context

made innovations in construction and technology

the arch-vault, dome and concrete

Romans

Coliseum in Rome

completed around 80 ace

triangular shape over a colonnade

pediment

temple used for all gods

Pantheon

edict of Milan 313 AD

proclaimed tolerance of all religions

Constantine I

where people worship in a church

nave

semi-circular projection containing an altar

apse

early christican churches were based on timber-roofed

basilicas

where was the roman capital shifted east to

Byzantium

focused on middle, not end (like early Christian)

Purpose was to: celebrate God as center of universe

Byzantine churches

spherical triangle forming the transition from circular plan of dome to polygonal plan of its supporting structure

curbed triangular panels

pendentives

Most famous example of Byzantine architecture, it was built under Justinian I and is considered one of the most perfect buildings in the world.

Hagia Sophia

gothic architecture

Pisa Cathedral and Campanile

two arms in a Latin cross plan in church

transept

architecture that used mathematics, rational proportions, universal order

did not aspire to heavens, grounded to earth

human reason

symmetry

rebirth of classical

represent human intellect

renaissance architecture

architecture that is ahistorical, asymmetrical

architecture in service to God

governed by specific context

term of reproach

gothic architecture