Conservation Biology EXAM 2

Native Species

Indigenous to an area by natural causes.

Non-native Species

Found in a given place by human causes.

Invasive Species

An introduced species that establishes, expands its range, and has an impact on the ecosystem.

Range Expansion

Natural process where a species immigrates to a place they didn’t previously occupy.

Re-introduction

Humans manually place a species back in an area it previously occupied.

Paul Crutzen

Anthropocene. Humans are all connected now.

Gordon Orians

Homogocene. We all live in this geoecological time

Harold Mooney

New Pangea. Invasive species are everywhere, and caused by humans.

Hull fouling

When organisms grow on the sides of boats.

Ballast Water

A ship carries water from place to place, and in it there are microorganisms.

Boats

#1 cause for invasive species. 2/3 of world trade.

Allogenic Modification

Physical modification that happens due to behavior.

Autogenic Modification

Modifications due to biomass of a species.

Ecosystem Engineer

Invasive species that changes the environment.

Resource competition

When an invasive species uses an existing species’ resources.

Aggression

When an invasive species has destructive behavior. Zebra mussel

Predation

An invasive species hunts a native one that isn’t adapted to evade.

Herbivory

An invasive species eats native vegetation.

Pathogens / Parasites

An invasive species carries destructive pathogens to a new area. Chestnut Tree parasite

Hybridization of species

An invasive species can breed with a native one resulting in new species.

Chain Reactions

Invasive species cause cascading effects on the food chain.

Invasional Meltdown / Synergistic Effects

Invasive species cause effects beyond the food chain. Yellow Ants

Invasion Curve

Invasive species can be removed for a brief time after introduction, but then exponential growth happens.

Global Climate Change

Distinct changes in the measures of climate that last over time.

Global Warming

Increase in global average surface temperature.

Greenhouse Gasses

Burning of Natural fuels, farming, deforestation, and industrial air emissions.

Coral Reefs

Ocean acidification causes organisms that produce calcium carbonate skeletons to become weaker.

Kelp Forests

Marine heatwaves and increasing temperature cause huge loss of biomass.

Heat

Source that lights the fire. Match, sunlight, lightning

Fuel

Material that burns.

Oxygen

essential part of the chemical reaction of fire

Topography

Fires move with the land, the slope promotes speed.

Fire Regime

Pattern and frequency of fires in an area.

Ground Fire

Grasses. Can move 14mph.

Surface Fire

Shallow brush on the ground.

Crown Fire

Tall established trees burning. Can move 7mph.

Comminution

Invertebrates like fungivores are stimulated by fires

Mineralization

Microorganisms like decomposers are stimulated by fires.

Fire ecologist

Studies process links caused by fires.

Dendrochronologist

Studies tree rings.

Climatologist

Studies climate change and variation.

Grazing

Decreases flammability

Extinction

permanent loss of a species when the last member dies.

Functional extinction

when only a handful of individuals are left and odds of reproduction are slim.

Coextinction

loss of one species leads to the loss of another

Loss of genetic diversity

species with small gene pools are more vulnerable to extinction.

Medicine

Perscriptions contain chemicals discovered in plants and animals

Zenni

The economic costs of biological invasions. 1.4 trillion dollars spent on invasive species.

Daniel Simberloff

Mutualistic relationship between scale insects and yellow ants. Invasion of yellow ants on Christmas Island causes cascading effects.

Savant Arrhenius

First interdisciplinary scientist, who determined that increased CO2 will cause temperature rise.