AP EURO UNIT 2 The Age of Reformation (1450-1648)

Johann Tetzel

pro indulgence, a preacher in Germany

Martin Luther

95 thesis/Salvation on faith alone

Pope Leo X

Pro indulgences did it to rebuild St.Peters, exiled Martin Luther

John Calvin

created calvinism, wrote Institutes on Christian religion, theocracy in Geneva

Calvinism/Predestination

predestination (salvation is predetermined by God)

Calvinism

it is important to read the bible yourself bc it is the only source of truth, sola scriptura, worship service was focused on preaching, the eucharist is the body and blood of Jesus

Ulrich Zwingli/Anabaptist

Ulrich Zwingli was a humanist who opposed the sale of indulgences, ended priestly celibacy and preached authority of scripture alone, disagreed with Luther on the purpose of the eucharist

Anabaptists had a very strict way of life (no drinking, dancing, gambling, etc), Oliver Cromwell imposed anabaptist law upon England

German Peasants Revolt

revolted for their freedom, Luther did not like this

English Reformation and Act of Supremacy (Henry VIII)

King of England is head of Anglican Church

Simony

buying/selling of indulgences

Absenteeism

not doing their job (staying away from their responsibilities)

Nepotism

put relatives in power even if no qualified

Teresa of Avila/Carmelites

St. Teresa reformed the Carmelites who had grown careless and materialistic

She stressed the importance of individual prayer and poverty

Ursulines

all female order - spreadChristianityy and educated girls

Ignatius Loyola - Jesuits

developed to support the Catholic Church

Pope Paul III and IV - Council of Trent

reaffirmed catholic beliefs and doctrines after the Revolution

Index of Prohibited Books

books banned because they go against Catholic teachings

Catherine de Medici

France

Charles XI (king) Mother - she was his regent because he was too young to rule

Extremely Catholic

Ruthless strong ruthless ruler because she was scared of a coup = she used a lot of brutal tactics

Power hungry

Apart of the St. Bartholmew‘’s day massacre (she ordered the murder of Protestants at her daughter's wedding)

Ferdinand II (HR Emperor)

Apart of the 30yrs war

Battle between Ferdinand II (Catholic) V Frederick I (Calvinist) for the throne of Bohemia

Habsburg Dynasty

Controlled Spain, HRE, Austria, some of Italy

Cardinal Richelieu

Apart of the Fronde

Trained Crdinal Mazarin to dominate the country and carry on Richelieu policies

Increased the power of the King of France, diminished the authoirty of the nobility, established France as world power

Gustavus Adolphus

King of Sweden

“Father of modern warfare”

Protestant

Henry IV of France & Peace of Augsburg

Peace of Augsburg = princes in the HRE would decide if their people would follow lutheranism or catholicism

Henry IV of France = converts to Catholicism and issues edict of nantes

Edict of Nantes

religious toleration in France

Mary Tudor

catholic, killed protestants dubbed “bloody Mary”

Elizabeth I

believed in religious comprise and national unity

1588- Elizabeth defeated Spanish armada

Baroque

extravagant and bold style

encouraged by the renaissance

grandeur sharp contrast and detail to make emotional reaction

mostly painted religious subjects

Bernini's sculpture Ecstasy of St.Theresa

Mannerism

In the manner of Michaelangelo

Reflected the turmoil of the Protestant Reformation by de-emphasizing religion

Distortion/illusion, exaggerated lighting, and bold brush strokes

Thirty Years War

Weakness of peace of augsburg - no calvinist

King Of Bohemia dies without an heir, the kingdom went to the HRE but the people wanted be under Frederick I because they were calvinist

Frederick I (Calvinist) VS Ferdinand II of HRE (Catholic)

4 phases

1) HRE wins

2) Hre wins

3) Protestant win

4) protestant win

Ended with the treaty of westphalia they allowed calvinism and let the ruler of the land determine the religion

English Civil War (1641-1651)

James I - doesn’t call Parliament, violates magna carta, leniency toward Catholics

Charles I (J son) - married a Catholic -> leads to Civil War

Roundheads - support Parliament

Cavaliers - support King

Army lead my Oliver Cromwell

Ended with Glorious Revolution where William and Mary step in to take English throne without fighting -> creates constitutional monarchy

French Wars of Religion (1562-1598)

Hugenonts (french aristocrats) wanted autonomy like HRE

Huguenots(Calvinist) v the Guise (Catholic)

Fighting who should be king basically

The French monarchy was in disarray

Catherine De Medici (Catholic) ruled with an iron fist

Saint Bartholomew's Day Massacre -> protestant coup of a protestant-catholic marriage. From this thousands of protestants were killed in France

War of Three Henry’s (1587–1589)

Apart of the French wars of religion

Henry II Valois - catholic

Henry IV (of Navarre) - Protestant

Henry I, Duke of Guise - extreme Catholic

They were all fighting for the throne, they believed they were the rightful ruler

Henry IV of Navarre got the throne

He made the edict of nantes to end the wars and compromises for everyone