Composting Process Overview

Composting

Natural process recycling organic matter into valuable fertilizer

Feedstocks

Organic materials like food waste and dry leaves for composting

Republic Act 9003

Places responsibility on LGUs for waste management

Compost

Resulting decomposed matter rich in nutrients from composting

Bokashi Composting

Uses lactobacillus bacteria to ferment all organic food waste

Pile Composting

Method piling organic materials together to decompose naturally

Windrow Composting

Off-site composting piling organic waste in rows for aeration

In-vessel Composting

Method using enclosed vessels for faster composting

Vermicomposting

Method using worms to break down organic waste

Aeration

Aerobic process in composting requiring oxygen for microbes

Moisture Management

Critical for composting process, affects microbial activity

Temperature Control

Ideal range 131-160°F for composting, promotes decomposition

Safety Measures

Implemented to ensure a safe working environment in composting facilities

Sanitary Landfill

Waste disposal site with controlled environmental impacts

Environmental Impact Assessment

Evaluation of potential environmental and social impacts before landfill establishment

Engineering Design

Qualified design for proper waste containment in landfills

Permitting and Regulation

Necessary permits and compliance with regulations for landfill operation

Monitoring and Maintenance

Continuous oversight to ensure compliance and prevent adverse impacts

Category 1 Landfill

Final disposal facility for LGUs with residual waste ≤ 15 TPD

Category 2 Landfill

Final disposal facility for LGUs with residual waste >15-≤75 TPD

Carbon-to-Nitrogen Ratio

Ideal ratio 25:1-30:1 for efficient composting

Leachate

Liquid that drains from a compost pile, must be managed

Regulatory Compliance

Adherence to local, state, and federal regulations in composting

NNC

National Nutrition Council

SUCs

State Universities and Colleges

DA

Department of Agriculture

Category 2

Final disposal for LGUs with 15-75 TPD residual waste.

Category 3

Final disposal for LGUs with 75-200 TPD residual waste.

Category 4

Final disposal for LGUs with over 200 TPD residual waste.

Clay Liner

System to contain leachate and prevent groundwater contamination.

Leachate collection and treatment system

Pipes to collect and treat leachate from the landfill.

Gas control recovery system

Collects landfill gas for treatment or energy use.

Groundwater monitoring well system

Wells for sampling groundwater quality.

Cover

Protection for waste from the environment, including daily and final cover.

Closure procedure

Establishes low maintenance cover systems and final cover.

Post-closure care procedure

Landfill upkeep, environmental protection, and gas control after closure.

CFDF

Categorized Final Disposal Facility or Sanitary Landfill.

Operations Facilities

Necessary facilities for landfill operations like lining and drainage.

Management Facilities

Facilities for daily management activities like administration office.

Supporting Facilities

Common facilities supporting management and operations like access roads.

Waste Retaining Facility

Prevents overflow and collapse of landfilled waste.

Stormwater Drainage Facility

Reduces leachate generation and prevents stormwater entry.

Liner Facility

Prevents pollution of water bodies by leachate.

Leachate Collection Facility

Collects and treats leachate before discharge.

Gas Venting Facility

Prevents gas-related issues and aids in decomposition.

Leachate Treatment Facility

Purifies leachate to prevent pollution.

Groundwater Monitoring Well System

Monitors groundwater and leachate levels.

Access Roads

Designed for waste transportation without hindrance.

Littering Prevention Facility

Prevents wind-borne waste littering the surroundings.

Notice Boards

Displays information on landfill operation and activities.

Fire Prevention Facility

Prevents fire outbreaks at landfill sites.

Disaster Prevention Facility

Prevents damages from unusual disasters at landfill sites.

Location

Criteria for selecting a suitable landfill site.

Hydrogeology

Requirements related to fault lines and water resources.

Social Acceptability

Considering community sensitivities in site selection.

Economics

Budgetary constraints and cost considerations for landfill development.

Landfill Lifespan

Duration of landfill operation, minimum 5 years.

Designed Land Capacity (DLC)

Expected volume of landfill for target lifespan.

Annual Designed Landfill Volume (ADLV)

Key parameter to determine landfill size.

Annual Designed Landfill Weight (ADLW)

Estimated weight of solid waste landfilled per year.

Apparent Specific Weight of Solid Waste (SWW)

Weight per unit volume of compacted solid waste.

Cover Material Volume (CMV)

Material used to cover waste for planting and growth.

Leachate Collection Pipe

System for collecting leachate at landfill sites.

Sanitary Landfill Functions

Includes storage, treatment, and environmental protection.

Operation Facilities

Facilities enhancing landfill system functionality.

Area Method

Landfilling technique for unsuitable terrains.

Trench Method

Landfilling method for areas with suitable terrain.

Track-Type Bulldozers

Equipment for spreading and compacting waste.

Landfill Compactors

Machines for compacting large waste quantities.

Pans or Scrapers

Equipment for excavating and spreading cover material.

Leachate Collection Facility Layout

Patterns for efficient leachate collection and drainage.

Landfill Equipment/Vehicles

Machinery used for landfill operations.

Methods of Landfilling

Techniques for sustainable landfill design.

Daily Soil Cover

Covering waste with soil at the end of each day.

Trenches

Excavated areas for waste placement and compaction

Cover Soil

Soil placed on top of waste layers for daily cover

Gas Collection System

System to collect and manage landfill gas

Passive Gas Collection System

Uses existing landfill pressure to vent gas

Active Gas Collection System

Includes gas collection wells with valves for regulation

Pre-Operation

Initial preparation phase before landfill operation

Neighboring Residents Consideration

Addressing concerns of nearby communities for improvement

Fence and Gate Management

Maintaining site security with proper fencing and gate control

Signboard and Traffic Sign

Installation for site access guidance and safety

Records and Reports

Documentation of waste, operations, and environmental monitoring

Levelling and Compaction

Spreading and compacting waste layers for efficiency

Earth Covering

Daily covering of waste layers with soil or other material

Traffic Control

Supervision of vehicle movement within the landfill site

Litter Control

Measures to prevent littering within the landfill area

Odor Control

Methods to minimize odors within the landfill site

Vector Control

Preventing entry of animals, insects, and birds to the landfill

Post-Operation

Management phase after landfill closure

Leachate Control

Monitoring and managing leachate post-closure

Land Subsidence Control

Monitoring and addressing natural subsidence post-closure

State of Stabilization Assessment

Evaluating environmental impact during closure and post-closure

Post Closure Management

Proper management of the landfill site after closure

Dust Control

Measures to control dust in the landfill area

DLC (Designed Landfill Capacity)

ADLV + CMV (Year)

Recipe Development (C:N Ratio)

25:1 and 30:1

System Design

Design of the composting sytem, static piles, windrows, aerated static piles

Aeration

Composting is an aerobic process, requiring oxygen