a&p test 2

50-100 capillaries originating from a single metarteriole.

Capillary bed

Ability of tissues to adjust blood flow according to their requirements.

Autoregulation

Alteration of heart rate and blood vessel diameters in response to changes in blood pressure.

Baroreceptor reflex

Anastomosis in the brain; aka cerebral arterial circle.

Circle of Willis

Anchors the endothelium to its supporting elastic fiber layer.

Basement membrane

Arteries that empty into the axillary arteries.

Subclavian arteries

Arteries that empty into the popliteal arteries.

Femoral arteries

Arteries that empty into the radial and ulnar arteries.

Brachial arteries

Arteries that maintain proper blood pressure and flow; aka distributing arteries.

Muscular arteries

Arteries that propel blood towards its destination; aka conducting arteries.

Elastic arteries

Arteries that supply the adrenal glands (superior/middle/inferior branches).

Suprarenal arteries

Arteries that supply the kidneys.

Renal arteries

Arteries that supply the knee and empty into the tibial and peroneal arteries.

Popliteal arteries

Union of two or more blood vessels in the same body region.

Anastomosis

Artery that supplies the lower large intestine.

Inferior mesenteric artery

Artery that supplies the small intestine and upper large intestine.

Superior mesenteric artery

Blood circulation carrying blood from the GI tract to the liver.

Hepatic portal circulation

Blood circulation connecting one capillary system to another.

Portal system

Blood flow back to the heart through systemic veins.

Venous return

Blood pressure corresponding to ventricular contraction.

Systolic pressure

Blood pressure corresponding to ventricular relaxation.

Diastolic pressure

Blood pressure of 120-139 over 80-89.

Prehypertension

Blood pressure of 140-159 over 90-99.

Stage 1 hypertension

Blood pressure of 160-179 over 100-109.

Stage 2 hypertension

Blood pressure of >180 over >110.

Hypertensive crisis

Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart.

Arteries

Blood vessels carrying blood towards the heart.

Veins

Blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs to oxygenate the blood.

Pulmonary arteries

Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood back to the left side of the heart.

Pulmonary veins

Blood vessels that supply other blood vessels.

Vasa vasorum

Branches of the subclavian arteries; supplies back of head.

Vertebral arteries

Capillaries with a mostly continuous endothelium.

Continuous capillaries

Capillaries with many pores in the endothelium.

Fenestrated capillaries

Closure or blockage of the lumen of a structure.

Occlusion

Deep arm veins that empty into the axillary veins.

Brachial veins

Expansion of a weakened blood vessel, forming a bulging sac.

Aneurysm

Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body.

Shock

Flow of blood from the arterioles into the capillaries and venules.

Microcirculation

Formation of new blood vessels.

Angiogenesis

Increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.

Hypercapnia

Inflammation of a vein.

Phlebitis

Innermost layer of tunica interna; in contact with blood and adjacent to the lumen.

Endothelium

Links arterioles, venules, and capillary beds.

Metarteriole

low blood pressure caused by assuming a standing position.

Orthostatic hypotension

Major blood vessel leading away from the left side of the heart; has ascending, thoracic, and abdominal components.

Aorta

Major blood vessel leading away from the right side of the heart.

Pulmonary trunk

Major vein that directs blood from the head, arms, and upper torso to the heart.

Superior vena cava

Major vein that directs blood from the legs and lower torso to the heart.

Inferior vena cava

Movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid through diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow.

Capillary exchange

Muscle fibers in arterioles that can close off blood flow to capillaries.

Precapillary sphincters

Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and blood vessel walls.

Vascular resistance

Outermost layer of the tunica media.

External elastic lamina

Persistently high blood pressure caused by a specific medical disorder.

Secondary hypertension

Persistently high blood pressure not caused by a specific medical disorder.

Primary hypertension

Portion of systemic circulation supplying the brain.

Cerebral circulation

Portion of systemic circulation supplying the lung (not involved with oxygenation).

Bronchial circulation

Rapid resting heart rate (over 100 beats/minute).

Tachycardia

Shock caused by blood flow obstruction.

Obstructive shock

Shock caused by decreased blood volume.

Hypovolemic shock

Shock caused by inappropriate vasodilation.

Vascular shock

Shock caused by low heart function.

Cardiogenic shock

Slow resting heart rate (under 50 beats/minute).

Bradycardia

Smallest arteries.

Arterioles

Splits into internal and external branches, directed towards the groin and legs.

Common iliac artery

Splits into internal and external branches, directed towards the head.

Common carotid artery

Splits into right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery.

Brachiocephalic artery

Splits into the common hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries.

Celiac trunk

Superficial arm veins that empty into the axillary veins.

Cephalic veins

Superficial arm veins that merge with axillary veins to form subclavian veins.

Basilic veins

Superficial leg veins that empty into the popliteal veins.

Small saphenous vein

Superficial leg veins that run the entire length of the leg.

Great saphenous vein

Surgical removal of a blood clot.

Thrombectomy

Thin layer of elastic connective tissue fibers supporting the endothelium.

Internal elastic lamina

Tiny blood vessels where the blood and tissues exchange gases and substances.

Capillaries

Vein that lacks smooth muscle fibers to alter its diameter.

Dural sinuses

Vein that receives blood from the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and sends it to the liver.

Hepatic portal vein

Veins (internal/external) that drain the head without merging into a common version.

Jugular veins

Veins that are merged from internal and external branches, receiving blood from the legs and groin.

Common iliac veins

Veins that drain the adrenal glands.

Suprarenal veins

Veins that drain the kidneys.

Renal veins

Veins that drain the knee.

Popliteal veins

Veins that drain the liver.

Hepatic veins

Veins that empty into the brachiocephalic veins.

Internal thoracic veins

Veins that empty into the external iliac veins.

External iliac veins

Venules that drain blood from the capillaries.

Postcapillary venules

Wide and winding capillaries with a partial or missing basement membrane.

Sinusoids

Venules that can serve as blood reservoirs in the body.

Venous reservoirs

Volume of blood that flows through any tissue or blood vessel per unit time.

Blood flow

Heart valve allowing blood to exit the left inferior chamber.

Aortic semilunar valve

Abnormal heartbeat rhythm.

Arrhythmia

Failure of myocardial contraction; often associated with death.

Asystole

Second step of cardiac conduction system.

Atrioventricular node

Superior chambers of the heart; receives blood from blood vessels.

Atrium

Ear-shaped structure that expands the capacity of the superior heart chambers.

Auricle

Self-excitable cardiac muscle fibers.

Autorhythmic fibers

fourth step of cardiac conduction system.

Bundle branches (L/R)

Third step of cardiac conduction system.

Bundle of His

Structures connecting the cone-shaped muscles to heart valves separating the superior and inferior chambers.

Chordae tendineae

Alternative routing for blood to reach a destination, using anastomoses.

Collateral circulation

Blood supply of the heart.

Coronary circulation