a&p test 2

Capillary bed – 50-100 capillaries originating from a single metarteriole

Autoregulation – Ability of tissues to adjust blood flow according to their requirements

Baroreceptor reflex – Alteration of heart rate and blood vessel diameters in response to changes in blood pressure

Circle of Willis – Anastomosis in the brain; aka cerebral arterial circle

Basement membrane – Anchors the endothelium to its supporting elastic fiber layer

Subclavian arteries – Arteries that empty into the axillary arteries

Femoral arteries – Arteries that empty into the popliteal arteries

Brachial arteries – Arteries that empty into the radial and ulnar arteries

Muscular arteries – Arteries that maintain proper blood pressure and flow; aka distributing arteries

Elastic arteries – Arteries that propel blood towards its destination; aka conducting arteries

Suprarenal arteries – Arteries that supply the adrenal glands (superior/middle/inferior branches)

Renal arteries – Arteries that supply the kidneys

Popliteal arteries – Arteries that supply the knee and empty into the tibial and peroneal arteries

Anastomosis – Union of two or more blood vessels in the same body region

Inferior mesenteric artery – Artery that supplies the lower large intestine

Superior mesenteric artery – Artery that supplies the small intestine and upper large intestine

Hepatic portal circulation – Blood circulation carrying blood from the GI tract to the liver

Portal system – Blood circulation connecting one capillary system to another

Venous return – Blood flow back to the heart through systemic veins

Systolic pressure – Blood pressure corresponding to ventricular contraction

Diastolic pressure – Blood pressure corresponding to ventricular relaxation

Prehypertension – Blood pressure of 120-139 over 80-89

Stage 1 hypertension – Blood pressure of 140-159 over 90-99

Stage 2 hypertension – Blood pressure of 160-179 over 100-109

Hypertensive crisis – Blood pressure of >180 over >110

Arteries – Blood vessels carrying blood away from the heart

Veins – Blood vessels carrying blood towards the heart

Pulmonary arteries – Blood vessels carrying deoxygenated blood to the lungs to oxygenate the blood

Pulmonary veins – Blood vessels carrying oxygenated blood back to the left side of the heart

Vasa vasorum – Blood vessels that supply other blood vessels

Vertebral arteries – Branches of the subclavian arteries; supplies back of head

Continuous capillaries – Capillaries with a mostly continuous endothelium

Fenestrated capillaries – Capillaries with many pores in the endothelium

Occlusion – Closure or blockage of the lumen of a structure

Brachial veins – Deep arm veins that empty into the axillary veins

Aneurysm – Expansion of a weakened blood vessel, forming a bulging sac

Shock – Failure of the cardiovascular system to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the body

Microcirculation – Flow of blood from the arterioles into the capillaries and venules

Angiogenesis – Formation of new blood vessels

Hypercapnia – Increase of carbon dioxide concentration in the blood

Phlebitis – Inflammation of a vein

Endothelium – Innermost layer of tunica interna; in contact with blood and adjacent to the lumen

Metarteriole – Links arterioles, venules, and capillary beds

Orthostatic hypotension – Low blood pressure caused by assuming a standing position

Aorta – Major blood vessel leading away from the left side of the heart; has ascending, thoracic, and abdominal components

Pulmonary trunk – Major blood vessel leading away from the right side of the heart

Superior vena cava – Major vein that directs blood from the head, arms, and upper torso to the heart

Inferior vena cava – Major vein that directs blood from the legs and lower torso to the heart

Capillary exchange – Movement of substances between blood and interstitial fluid through diffusion, transcytosis, and bulk flow

Precapillary sphincters – Muscle fibers in arterioles that can close off blood flow to capillaries

Vascular resistance – Opposition to blood flow due to friction between blood and blood vessel walls

External elastic lamina – Outermost layer of the tunica media

Secondary hypertension – Persistently high blood pressure caused by a specific medical disorder

Primary hypertension – Persistently high blood pressure not caused by a specific medical disorder

Cerebral circulation – Portion of systemic circulation supplying the brain

Bronchial circulation – Portion of systemic circulation supplying the lung (not involved with oxygenation)

Tachycardia – Rapid resting heart rate (over 100 beats/minute)

Obstructive shock – Shock caused by blood flow obstruction

Hypovolemic shock – Shock caused by decreased blood volume

Vascular shock – Shock caused by inappropriate vasodilation

Cardiogenic shock – Shock caused by low heart function

Bradycardia – Slow resting heart rate (under 50 beats/minute)

Arterioles – Smallest arteries

Common iliac artery – Splits into internal and external branches, directed towards the groin and legs

Common carotid artery – Splits into internal and external branches, directed towards the head

Brachiocephalic artery – Splits into right subclavian artery and right common carotid artery

Celiac trunk – Splits into the common hepatic, left gastric, and splenic arteries

Cephalic veins – Superficial arm veins that empty into the axillary veins

Basilic veins – Superficial arm veins that merge with axillary veins to form subclavian veins

Small saphenous vein – Superficial leg veins that empty into the popliteal veins

Great saphenous vein – Superficial leg veins that run the entire length of the leg

Thrombectomy – Surgical removal of a blood clot

Internal elastic lamina – Thin layer of elastic connective tissue fibers supporting the endothelium

Capillaries – Tiny blood vessels where the blood and tissues exchange gases and substances

Dural sinuses – Vein that lacks smooth muscle fibers to alter its diameter

Hepatic portal vein – Vein that receives blood from the superior mesenteric and splenic veins and sends it to the liver

Jugular veins – Veins (internal/external) that drain the head without merging into a common version

Common iliac veins – Veins that are merged from internal and external branches, receiving blood from the legs and groin

Suprarenal veins – Veins that drain the adrenal glands

Renal veins – Veins that drain the kidneys

Popliteal veins – Veins that drain the knee

Hepatic veins – Veins that drain the liver

Internal thoracic veins – Veins that empty into the brachiocephalic veins

External iliac veins – Veins that empty into the external iliac veins

Postcapillary venules – Venules that drain blood from the capillaries

Sinusoids – Wide and winding capillaries with a partial or missing basement membrane

Venous reservoirs – Venules that can serve as blood reservoirs in the body

Blood flow – Volume of blood that flows through any tissue or blood vessel per unit time

Ch 19

Aortic semilunar valve → Heart valve allowing blood to exit the left inferior chamber

Arrhythmia → Abnormal heartbeat rhythm

Asystole → Failure of myocardial contraction; often associated with death

Atrioventricular node → Second step of cardiac conduction system

Atrium → Superior chambers of the heart; receives blood from blood vessels

Auricle → Ear-shaped structure that expands the capacity of the superior heart chambers

Autorhythmic fibers → Self-excitable cardiac muscle fibers

Bundle branches (L/R) → Fifth step of cardiac conduction system

Bundle of His → Third step of cardiac conduction system

Chordae tendineae → Structures connecting the cone-shaped muscles to heart valves separating the superior and inferior chambers

Collateral circulation → Alternative routing for blood to reach a destination, using anastomoses

Coronary circulation → Blood supply of the heart

Coronary sinus → Major blood vessel from the heart emptying into the right superior heart chamber

Coronary sulcus → Heart groove marking the external separation of the superior/inferior chambers

Diastole → Phase of heart relaxation

Endocardium → Innermost layer of the heart proper

Epicardium → Outermost layer of the heart proper

Fibrous pericardium → Superficial layer of the protective membrane of the heart

Fossa ovalis → Depression found in the heart wall between the superior chambers

Insufficiency/Incompetence → Failure of a heart valve to close completely

Interatrial sulci → Heart groove marking the external separation of the superior chambers

Intercalated discs → Connection between cardiac muscle fibers

Interventricular septum → Heart wall separating the right and left inferior chambers

Interventricular sulci → Heart groove marking the external separation of the inferior chambers

Mitral valve → Heart valve separating the left superior and inferior chambers

Myocardial infarction → Death of cardiac muscle due to interrupted blood supply; aka heart attack

Myocardium → Middle layer of the heart proper

Papillary muscles → Cone-shaped cardiac muscles

Parietal serous pericardium → Outer layer of the deep layer of the protective membrane of the heart

Pectinate muscles → Muscles found in the right superior heart chamber and both expansions

Pericardial sac → Gap filled with pericardial fluid

Pulmonary circulation → Blood flow powered by the right side of the heart

Pulmonary semilunar valve → Heart valve allowing blood to exit the right inferior chamber

Purkinje fibers → Final step of cardiac conduction system

Reperfusion → Reestablishment of blood flow in blood vessels after a blockage has been removed

Sinoatrial node → First step of cardiac conduction system

Stenosis → Narrowing of a heart valve opening

Systemic circulation → Blood flow powered by the left side of the heart

Systole → Phase of heart contraction

Trabeculae carneae → Raised bundles of cardiac muscle fibers

Tricuspid valve → Heart valve separating the right superior and inferior chambers

Ventricle → Inferior chambers of the heart; pumps blood into blood vessels

Visceral serous pericardium → Inner layer of the deep layer of the protective membrane of the heart