Principles of Human Physiology - Gastrointestinal System

These flashcards cover key vocabulary terms and definitions related to the gastrointestinal system, helping to reinforce understanding of important concepts in human physiology.

Gastrointestinal System

The organ system responsible for digestion, nutrient absorption, and waste excretion.

Chyme

The mixture of food and gastric juices produced in the stomach.

Pepsinogen

An inactive enzyme secreted by gastric glands that is converted to pepsin in the acidic environment of the stomach.

Peristalsis

The wave-like muscle contractions that move food along the digestive tract.

Salivary Amylase

An enzyme in saliva that begins the breakdown of carbohydrates.

Intrinsic Factor

A protein secreted by the stomach that is essential for vitamin B12 absorption.

Enterogastrones

Hormones released by the intestine that regulate pancreatic enzyme and bile secretion.

Secretion of bile

The process of producing and releasing bile from the liver to aid in fat digestion.

Absorption

The process by which nutrients from digested food are taken up into the bloodstream.

Defecation

The expulsion of feces from the rectum through the anus.

Mucosa

The innermost layer of the gastrointestinal tract that contains epithelial cells.

Submucosa

The layer of connective tissue that contains blood vessels, lymph vessels, and nerves.

Gastric Glands

Glands in the stomach that secrete gastric juices, including acids and enzymes.

Hepatic Portal Vein

The blood vessel that carries nutrient-rich blood from the digestive organs to the liver.

Sphincter

A circular muscle that constricts or dilates to control passage through the gastrointestinal tract.