CIS 0822 Technological Horizons Final Review

Algorithm

Step by step instructions followed by a computer to accomplish a task

What are the different data types?

Numbers, Text (Strings) Boolean Values, Objects

Lists

Collection of data all stored as one value, most algorithms need to look through each item

Loops

Structure that allows you to repeat code multiple times, for loop is how many types the loop is required, while loop is used if you cannot determine how many time the loop needs to repeat

Linear Search

Start at the first element and compare with the search item, if it is not found then it moves onto the next element, if found it returns true

Binary Search

Algorithm that finds the center of data, if the element is smaller than the center element, you eliminate the number to the right

Sorting

Process of arranging items in a systematic order, generally means placing items in an increasing and decreasing order

Quicksort Algorithms

Start at the left partition, use first element and sort all elements and then do the same with right partition

Selection Sort

In place comparison sort, does not use a lot of extra memory, very inefficient but easy to put in place

Selection sort algorithm

move to beginning of unsorted segment and set a marker, find the smallest element in unsorted segment, swap with element at beginning of unsorted segment, move marker one spot right

O(1)

Constant "Big Oh"

O(log n)

logarithmic "Big Oh"

O(n)

Linear (search) "Big Oh"

O(n^2)

Quadratic "Big Oh"

O(2^n)

exponential (acceptable) "Big Oh"

Multimedia

content that includes more than one medium ie. text, images, audio, video

Bits

data represented by binary digits, the smallest unit of information a digital device can manipulate, 1s and 0, on and off, electrical charge or not

Bytes

Consists of 8 bits, represent data in memory w/ each memory cell holding one byte of data

Text

represented using standard encoding schemes, subsumes ASCII, used by every machine in the world to display characters

Digital images

collection of pixels, each pixel in one color, pixels are tracked

Image files

contain information about an image, meta information: size, color scheme, file, type, etc, color information about each pixel

Audio files

the process of capturing the value of a sound wave at regular intervals, typically thousands of times per second, to store sound and music digitally, Mp3, flac, aiff, wav

Video files

a series of still images played back in rapid succession and synched audio, codecs are used to code/decode the video to keep file sizes small

Computing Platforms

Personal computer, mobile computer/wearable devices, servers, supercomputers

Hardware

parts inside your system, CPU, RAM, adapter cords, motherboard, input and output devices, storage devices

Memory Cells

Individual storage location storing one piece of data, access cells to save or retrieve data

RAM/Main memory

temporary memory that stores bytes of data and program instructions for the CPU to access

ROM/secondary storage

permanent storage for data and instructions that do not change and for instructions needed for tasks such as booting your computer

CPU

processor, brains of the computer, directs and coordinates operations in the computer

Software

Refers to the electronic instructions that govern a computer's actions to provide a computing service, system software and application software

Operating System

set of computer programs that runs of controls the computer hardware, and acts as a user interface

Machine language

programming language understood by computers comprised of only 1s and 0s

high-level language

languages used by programmers to simplify computer programming, easy to read syntax that is converted into low-level language readable by CPU

Compiler

takes the source code of HLL and converts it into a machine level module called an object file, translator checks for errors

Automation

automatic equipment used in production or process, minimal human involvement

Birth of automation

printing press, manufacturing

Automation today

Homes, Industry, anything else being run by a computer

Automation benefits

speed, quality/consistency, safety, lower costs, higher production yields

Automation downsides

impact on labor, limited human involvement means limited demand on human capital

Autonomous systems

can act pseudo independently, system that is goal oriented, contains intelligence to react to circumstances

Tenets

Have a way to examine environment w/ sensors, contain a logic system to determine best action, contain actuators to take action

Artificial Intelligence

attempt by a system to stimulate decision making similar to what a human would do, decision making process gets complicated

Hardware running autonomous vehicles

LiDAR, Radar, Cameras, Microphones, Ultrasonic sensors

Benefits of autonomous vehicles

safety, efficiency, improved way of life, save money, lower emissions

autonomous vehicle economic impacts

driving jobs eliminated, maybe new jobs or industries, how will insurance work

lossless

no information was lost while compressing the image

lossy

once information is compressed, there is no getting it back

JPEG

lossy compression that take advantage of human perception, achieves compression ratios of 1:10 with no noticeable quality difference

PNG

lossless image format that retains a higher image quality, uses more space on the disk

GIF

lossless image, used to be preferred over PNG but is now mainly for animations

Big Data

huge amounts of data that can be analyzed to discover trends, patterns, associations, etc. Often focused on human behavior or interactions

Eric Schmidt

former ceo of google that said " There was 5 Exabytes of information created between the down of civilization through 2003, but that much information is now created every 2 days, and the pace is increasing"

Where big data come from

data in the past was mainly transactional/explicit, todays data gets collected through activity, behavior, conversation

Implicit data

information gathered through available streams of data

explicit data

information that is provided intentionally like memberships and surveys

ASC11

American Standard Code for Information Interchange, contain 127 possible character combonations

Unicode

A character code that enables most of the languages of the world to be symbolized with a special character identification, 4, 8, and 23 byte are used

Volatile memory

Storage (such as RAM chips) that is wiped clean when power is cut off from a device.

non-volatile memory

Memory that can retain the stored data even when not powered

kilobytes

1,000 bytes

Megabyte

1 million bytes, 1,000 kilobytes

Gigabyte

1000 megabytes

Terrabyte

1000 gigabytes

Value of Big Data, consumer

users get useful information based on what is collected, smarter technology ie. cars, recommendations, music examples

Value of Big Data, Businesses

Knowing customers and sentiment, targets people based on data, used to drive sales, example target and dodge

Persistent Surveillance Systems

Unmanned aerial vehicles that allows businesses to fly over cities and collect data on their where they are

two main parts of cpu

The control unit and the arithmetic logic unit

volume, velocity, variety

The 3 V's of Big Data

control computer hardware, manage ram, manage processors, manage programs

responsibilities of an operating system