American History Chapter 27

NWACC History

how did Woodrow Wilson hope to make WWI the "war to end all wars”

collective security - League of Nations limiting power struggles

in the 20s and 30s, were Americans in favor of getting involved with European affairs

no

in the 20s and 30s, did America continue to get involved in affairs of countries in the Western hemisphere

yes

did the US take steps to lessen the chances of war

yes

what 4 steps did the US take to lessen the chances of war

President Harding had the Washington Naval Conference to reduce the navies of 9 nations, US signed the Four Power treaty with GB, France, and Japan to no expand territories in Asia, US signed the Kellogg-Briand Pact with 14 nations to declare war an international crime, and the US cut defense spending

why did the Kellogg-Briand Pact fail

it didn't commit nations to take action if another violated the terms

what problems were growing in Europe before WWII

economic depression and political instability

in the 20s, what was holding up the international financial system

American loans to foreign countries

the US crash of 1929 caused what internationally

financial chain reactions that led to economic depressions

who was the prime minister of Italy at this time

Benito Mussolini

what did Mussolini create by taking advantage of Italians feeling betrayed by the Versailles Treaty

Fasci Italiani di Combattimento (Italian Combat Squadron)

what 4 things did the Italian Combat Squadron call for

national unity, military growth, social Darwinism, and loyalty to the state

how did Mussolini want Italy to be organized

totalitarian - all within the state, none outside, none against

so what did Mussolini do

transformed the nation into a single party state and removed all restraints on his power

what was the German anti-communist, totalitarian party called that came during this time

National Socialist Party (Nazis)

what 2 reasons caused the popularity of the Nazis to grow in Germany

wealthy and middle-class Germans were scared of the German communist party and Germans resented the Allies due to the Treaty of Versailles

what was the mood of Germany during the Great Depression

angry due to high unemployment

what did Hitler promise

to return Germany to greatness

who was Germany's president

Paul von Hindenburg

what was Hitler appointed to

Chancellor

what act did the Nazis pass to give Hitler the power to make all laws

Enabling Act

the Enabling Act effectively made Hitler what

a dictator

Nazi Germany then became what kind of nation

anti-Semitic (anti-Jews)

what laws were passed to deprive Jews of German citizenship

Nuremberg Laws

did Hitler withdraw Germany from the League of Nations

yes

what was Hitler's first military move

sent military units into the Rhineland - border between Germany and France

what country did Hitler invade first and why

Austria, claiming he wanted to reunite ethnic Germans within one border

what agreement between Great Britain and France agreed to the partial dismemberment of Czechoslovakia and to let Germany occupy Sudetenland because it had a large German population

Munich Pact

what was Great Britain's prime minister that signed the Munich Pact

Neville Chamberlain

who was France's prime minister who signed the Munich Pact

Edouard Daladier

why did GB and France sign the Munich Pact

appeasement - hoping Germany would be satisfied with that expansion without war

did the Munich Pact work and why or why not

no because Germany soon invaded the rest of Czechoslovakia

who was the leader of the Soviet Union during this time

Joseph Stalin

what agreement did Stalin make with Germany and why

agreed to divide Poland and give half back to Germany because it had belonged to them before WWI

what changed with Japan politicians in the 30s

militaristic (pro-military) politicians took control

what did Japan agree with Germany and Italy about

the fear of communism

what did Japan and Germany sign in 1936

Anti-Comintern Pact

what did the Anti-Comintern Pact say

Japan and Germany would defend themselves against the Comintern - the international agency created by the Soviet Union to promote communism

what 3rd country signed the Anti-Comintern Pact next

Italy

what did Germany, Italy, and Japan become known as

Axis Powers

Germany, Italy, and Japan were all intent on what

creating empires for themselves

What did Japan do in the early 1930s to expand its empire

created a new nation from the 3 northernmost province of China - called Manchukuo

what did the League of Nations do when Japan took this territory from China

nothing but protest verbally 

what led to Japan invading China

a clash between Japanese and Chinese soldiers known as Marco Polo Bridge incident

what did the Japanese do to the Chinese

killed hundreds of thousands of civilians

how did the Japanese killings of Chinese make Americans feel

feelings against Japan reached a new high

did Roosevelt want to offer support against Nazis and the Japanese

yes

why didn't Roosevelt help fight the Nazis and Japanese

Congress was committed to nonintervention

who claimed the US had been tricked into joining WWI by industrialists and bankers

Senator Gerald Nye

did Roosevelt relax immigration rules to allow more Jews to escape Germany

no

what did the US do for Jewish refugees on the SS St Louis that landed in Cuba

told them the immigration quota had already been met

what did Congress do to ensure the US wouldn't get drawn into a war

passed Neutrality Acts

what did the first neutrality act in 1935 ban

the sale of armaments to warring nations

what did the second neutrality act in 1936 prohibit

loaning money to warring (belligerent) countries

what 2 things did the third neutrality act in 1937 do

forbid the transportation of weapons or passengers to warring nations and prohibited Americans from traveling on the ships of warring nations

which nation did Roosevelt let bypass the neutrality acts

China

why did Roosevelt ship fighter planes to China

Japan had not formally declared war on China

who was the president of China

Chiang Kai-shek

what agreement formally made a military alliance between Germany and Italy

Pact of Steel

Hitler unleashed his Blitzkrieg against which country and what did this mean

against Poland, meaning lighting war with surprise attacks

after Germany attacked Poland, what happened

Great Britain and France declared war on Germany

how did Roosevelt change the neutrality laws after GB and France declared war on Germany

he added a policy of "cash and carry” to allow weapons to be sold to GB and France if they could pay cash and transport them on their own ships

what happened when Germany attacked France

they won and took France in 6 weeks

Japan took advantage of France being in war with Germany by doing what

occupying French Indochina

how did the US respond to Japan occupying the French Indochina

passed the Export Control Act

what did the Export Control Act do

prohibited (embargo) the shipment of certain materials to Japan

after Germany defeated France, what did it do to Great Britain

began the Battle of Britain by bombing it

Hitler then broke his pact he had made with Stalin when they split Poland by doing what

invading the Soviet and killing millions of civilians

what battle did the Soviets win years later to finally stop the Germans

Battle of Stalingrad

Roosevelt and British prime minister Churchill met in Canada to draft what

the Atlantic Charter

what was the Atlantic Charter

blueprint for American cooperation during WWII

the Atlantic Charter called for what 7 things

no territory gain, self-determination, self-government, lowering of trade barriers, freedom of the seas, no force to settle disputes, and postwar disarmament

the US was concerned over Britain's ability to defend itself, so it passed what

Lend Lease program

what did the Lend Lease program allow

the US to sell, lease, or transfer weapons to any nation deemed important to the defense of the US

the Lend Lease program effectively ended what

the policy of nonintervention and the US being neutral

the Lend Lease program distributed what and to which countries

$45 billion in weapons to allies such as Britain, Soviet Union, and China

Japan was feeling the pressure of the embargo and needed what

oil 

Japan wanted to take control of what to get oil

Dutch East Indies

Japan realized this would bring the US into war why

US territory Philippines lay in route between Japan the East Indies

what did Japan try to do to get oil

negotiate with the US

what did the US tell Japan when it tried to negotiate for oil

withdraw from China and sign a nonaggression pact with all Pacific powers

how did Japan respond

attacked the US Pacific fleet at Pearl Harbor on Dec 7 1941

what did Roosevelt say about that day in Pearl Harbor

this is a date that will live in infamy

the attack on Pearl Harbor was part of a campaign for what

Japanese to gain territory

how did the US respond to the Pearl Harbor attack

declared war on Japan the next day

what did Germany and Italy do next

declared war on the US due to their alliance with Japan

why was the US partially ready for war

the cash and carry policy and Lend Lease program had caused factories to start making weapons

were the majority of factories still making civilian items when the war started

yes

what 2 things did the govt do to encourage factories to make wartime items

agreed to assume all costs of development and production and guarantee a profit

what did making wartime products do for businesses

drove up profits

what businesses prospered the most during the war and why

biggest businesses because 70% of govt contracts went to them

besides making wartime products, what did the US need to be ready for war

to build an army

a year before Pearl Harbor (1941), the first what had happened to help build the army

first draft happening in peacetime

only one division was ready to be deployed when the attack happened because why

Congress had said only 900,000 men could be trained at once

how many US men were estimated to be needed for the war

9 million

what changed for African American soldiers during WWII

they went from being support troops to serving in the infantry and flying planes

what place started as a civilian pilot training program but was absorbed by the Dept of War to train combat pilots

Tuskegee Institue in Alabama

term for the Native Americans who used their native language to exchange info over the radio for the US in the war

code talkers 

were most Americans willing to serve

yes

term for the 72,000 men who were willing to serve but not kill

conscientious objectors