AP Chemistry MUST KNOW BY THE END OF SUMMER

ammonium

NH₄⁺

hydronium

H₃O⁺

acetate

CH₃COO⁻

cyanide

CN⁻

hydroxide

OH⁻

hypochlorite

ClO⁻

chlorite

ClO₂⁻

chlorate

ClO₃⁻

perchlorate

ClO₄⁻

nitrite

NO₂⁻

nitrate

NO₃⁻

permanganate

MnO₄⁻

carbonate

CO₃²⁻

hydrogen carbonate (bicarbonate)

HCO₃⁻

chromate

CrO₄²⁻

dichromate

Cr₂O₇²⁻

peroxide

O₂²⁻

phosphate

PO₄³⁻

hydrogen phosphate

HPO₄²⁻

dihydrogen phosphate

H₂PO₄⁻

sulfite

SO₃²⁻

sulfate

SO₄²⁻

hydrogen sulfate (bisulfate)

HSO₄⁻

bromate

BrO₃⁻

dimercury

Hg₂²⁺

oxalate

C₂O₄²⁻

arsenate

AsO₄³⁻

phosphite

PO₃³⁻

zinc

Zn; Zn²⁺

scandium

Sc; Sc³⁺

silver

Ag; Ag⁺

Which ions are always soluble according to the solubility rules?

alkali metal ions (Li⁺, Na⁺, Rb⁺, Cs⁺), NH₄⁺, NO₃^-, ClO₃^-, ClO₄^-, CH₃COO^-

Which ions are generally insoluble according to the solubility rules?

AgCl and BaSO₄

What unstable CMPDS/GASES form from H₂CO₃?

CO₂ + H₂O

What unstable CMPDS/GASES form from NH₄OH?

NH₃ + H₂O

What unstable CMPDS/GASES form from H₂SO₃?

SO₂ + H₂O

What unstable CMPDS/GASES form from HNO₂?

NO + NO₂ H₂O

What are the 7 strong acids? (all others are weak)

hydrochloric acid (HCl), hydrobromic acid (HBr), hydroiodic acid (HI), nitric acid (HNO₃), sulfuric acid (H₂SO₄), perchloric acid (HClO₄), and chloric acid (HClO₃).

What are the strong bases? (all others are weak)

Group I and II metal hydroxides

What are the driving forces for a double replacement?

• Insoluble Solid (Precipitate)

• Covalent compounds or Weak Electrolytes (H₂O or weak acids or bases)

• Gas formation

What are the diatomic molecules?

H₂, N₂, O₂, F₂, Cl₂, Br₂, I₂.

—> weird ones:

• P₄, S₈