AP csp vocab

AP CSP vocab

Binary

A way of representing information using only two options.

Bit

A contraction of “Binary Digit”; the single unit of information in a computer,typically represented as a 0 or 1

Byte

8 bits

Overflow error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too large

Round-off Error

Error from attempting to represent a number that is too precise. The value is rounded.

Analog Data

Data with values that change continuously, or smoothly, over time. Some examples of analog data include music, colors of a painting, or position of a sprinter during a race

Digital Data

Data that changed discretely through a finite set of possible values

Sampling

A process for creating a digital representation of analog data by measuring the analog data at regular intervals called samples

Lossless compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something without losing any information

Lossy Compression

A process for reducing the number of bits needed to represent something in which some information is lost of thrown away. This process is not reversible

Intellectual Property

A work of invention that is the result of creativity, such as a piece of writing or a design, to which one has rights and for which one may apply for a patent, copyright, trademark, etc

Creative Commons

A collection of public copyright licenses that enable the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work, used when an author wants to give people the right to share, use, and build upon a work that they have created

Computing Devices

A machine that can run a program, including computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors

Computing System

A group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose

Computing Network

A group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data

Path

The series of connections between computing devices on a network starting with a sender and ending with a receiver

Bandwidth

The maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time, usually measured in bits per second

Protocol

An agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of some system

IP Address

The unique number assigned to each device on the internet

Internet Protocol (IP)

A protocol for sending data across the internet that assigns unique numbers (IP addresses) to each connected device

Router

A type of computer that forwards data across a network

Packet

A chunk of data sent over a network. Larger messages are divided into packets that may arrive at the destination in order, out-of-order, or not at all

Redundancy

The inclusion of extra components so that a system can continue to work even if individual components fail, for example by having more than one patch between any two connect devices in a network

Fault Tolerant

Can continue to function even in the event of individual component failures. This is important because elements of complex systems like a computer network fail at unexpected times, often in groups.

HTTP

HyperText Transfer Protocol- the protocol used for transmitting web pages over the internet

Internet

A computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols

World Wide Web

A system of linked pages, programs, and files

Digital Divide

Differing access to computing devices and the internet, based on socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic characteristics

User Interface

The inputs in the outputs that allow a user to interact with this piece of software. User interfaces can include a variety of forms such as buttons, menus images, text and graphics

Input

Data that are sent to a computer for processing by a program. Can come in a variety of forms such as tactile interaction, audio, visuals, or text

Output

Any data letter sent from a program to a device. Can come in a variety of form such as tactile interaction, audio, visual, or text

Program Statement

A command or instruction. Sometimes also referred to as a code statement

Program

A collection of programs statements. Programs run (or “execute”) one command at a time

Sequential Programming

Programs statements, run in order, from top to bottom

Event Driven Programming

Some pro statements run one triggered by an event, like a mouse click or a key press

Documentation

A written description of how command or piece of code works or was developed

Comment

Form of program documentation written into the program to be read by people in which do not affect how a program runs

Pair programming

A collaborative programming style in which two programmer switch between the rules of writing code and tracking or planning high-level progress

Debugging

Finding and fixing problems in an algorithm or program

Development Process

The steps are phases are used to create a piece of software. Typical phases include investigating, designing, prototyping, and testing

Event

Associated with an action and supplies input data to a program. Can be generated when key is pressed, a mouse is clicked, a program is started, or by any other define action that affects the flow of execution.

Expression

A combination of operators and values that evaluates to a single value

Assignment Operator

Allows a program to change the value represented by a variable

Variable

A name the reference to a valley that can be used repeatedly throughout a program

String

In ordered sequence of characters

Boolean Value

A data type that is either true or false

Comparison Operators

<, >, <=, >=, ==, ≠, indicate a Boolean expression

Logical Operator

NOT, AND , and OR, which evaluate to a Boolean value

Conditional Statement

Affect the sequential flow of control by executing different statements based on the value of a bion expression

Function

The name program of a programming instructions also referred to as ”procedure”

Function Call

A command execute the code within a function

List

An ordered collection of elements

Element

And individual value in a list that is assigned a unique index

Index

A common method for referencing the elements in a list or string using numbers

Iteration

A repetitive portion of an algorithm which your pieces specified number of times or until a given condition is met

Infinite Loop

Occurs when the ending condition will never evaluate to true

Transversal

The process of assessing each item in a list, one at a time

Data Abstraction

Manage complexity and programs by giving a collection of data a name without referencing the specific details of the representation

Parameter

A variable and a function defined used as a placeholder for values that will pass through the function

Argument

The valley pass to the parameter

Return

Used to return the flow of control to the point where the procedure (also known as a function) was called and to return the value of expression

Procedural Abstraction

The process and allows a procedure to be used, only knowing what it does, not how it does it. Procedural abstraction allows a solution to a large problem to be based on the solution of smaller sub problems. This is accomplished by creating procedures to solve each of the sub problems.

Library

A group of functions (procedures) that may be used in creating new programs

API

Application program interface-specifications for a house functions in the library behaving can be used