Sociology 100 Final

Social control

The myriad in which members of social groups express their disapproval of people and behaviour

Actus reus

The act itself/failure to act

Mens rea

With criminal intent

→ “guilty mind”

Violent crimes

Crimes against people that involve violence or the threat of violence

Property crimes

Crimes that involve theft of property belonging to others

Victimless crimes

Violations of law in which there are no obvious victims

Anomie

Normlessness

Robert Merton

Deviance increases when the social structure prevents people from achieving culturally-defined goals through legitimate means

→ good life = materialist

Travis Hirschi

Causes of delinquency

→ weak bond with parent *most important factor

→ commitment to conformity

→ involvement in conventional activities

→ belief in conventional values

Gottfredson And Hirschi

The general theory of crime

→ need for internal/self control

→ low self-control causes deviance and criminal activity

Broken window theory

Crimes occur whenever/wherever social controls are not strong (opportunity)

→ expected crime

Conflict theory (crime)

Focus on the unequal distribution of wealth and power and study the ways people respond to inequality by breaking rules

→ Karl Marx

Karl Marx

Workers/unemployed lack commitment to existing social order owing to its exploitive nature

Michel Foucault

Power is always operating upon us

Surveillance

The derelict or indirect observation of conduct towards producing a desired outcome

→ conformity

Self-surveillance

Monitoring own out behaviours in order to prevent being considered deviant

Edwin Lemert

Deviance label may result in deviance amplification

Primary deviance

→ owing to deviant behaviour

→ doesn’t necessarily impact our identity

Secondary deviance

→ owing to deviant identity; self fulfilling process

Master status

Characteristic that overrides other status characteristic in term of how others see an individual

→ convicted murderer

Status degradation

Rituals where deviant status is conferred

→ being arrested - the whole process

Albert Cohen

Cultural beliefs that create and sustain deviant behaviour

→ university drinking

Edwin Sutherland

Deviance grows from exposure to learning experiences that make deviance more likely

Differential association theory

Learning specific drives, motive, attitudes, rationalizations

→ must learn to believe that deviant behaviour is acceptable although many consider the behaviour wrong

Durkheim (social cohesion/health)

Lower rates of Susie in those who are religious, married, and during war time

Social exclusion

A process of excluding members of a group form normal interaction and sharing of benefits

→ a process rather than a stable artifact

Social capital

Collective benefits arising from cooperative attitudes and practices grounded in trust, reciprocity, mutual aid

→ friends in high places

→ subset of social cohesion

Robert Putnam

→ reduction in bridging social capital

→ increase in bonding social capital

→ bowling alone story

Bridging social capital

People from all over

Bonding social capital

Within our groups (race, ethnicity, culture)

Anton Antonovsky

Sense of coherence

→ life is comprehensible and predictable

→ sufficient resources available to help me if needed

→ life makes sense or has meaning

Social model of disability

Separates impairment and disability

→ #1 theory of social coherence

Crowd collective action

Face to face with other meme runs of group

Mass collective action

When people aren’t physically together

Convergence theory

Collective action happens when people with similar ideas and tendencies gather in the same place

Contagion theory

Collective action arises because of people’s tendency to conform to the behaviour of others with whom they are in close contact

Emergent norm theory

Emphasize the influence of keynoters in porting new behavioural norms; they establish a behavioural pattern that emerges as the norm for the group

Value added theory

Referees to the planned collective action

Social movements

Organized efforts by a substantial number of people to change or to resist change in some major aspects of society

Alternative social movements

Aim for limited societal change; target narrow group of people

Redemptive social movement

Aim for more radical change; target specific groups

Reformative social movements

Aim for limited social change but across entire society

Revolutionary social movements

Aim for radical reorganization of society