Anatomy Section two Utah tech

All lecture notes from prof. Hildebrandt. Sorry for the many typos.

Cerebral Cortex

Grey matter (outside)

Corpus Callosum

White matter- Shares info back and forth between hemispheres.

Thalamus

A motor and sensory relay station- regulates consciousness. More reginalal

Pons

Coordinate info to cerebellum

Medulla

Autonomic system-heart rate, respitory, ect.

Cerebellum

Motor coordination

Pituitary Gland

Located in sella turcica. Hormone regulation. Produces thyroid stimulating horomone.

Hypothalamus

Regulates sleep, hunger, body temp., and blood pressure. Circadian rythym- can be altered by energy drinks.

Anterior Commissure

Smell and memory.

Posterior Commissure

Coordinate eye movement

Pineal Body

melatonin/ regulate sleep. Couples with hypothalamus.

Superior Colliculus

Visual reflex. Mounds on the backside of middle brain before cerebellum.

Inferior Colliculus

Auditory Reflex

Septum Pellucidum

Divides Lateral ventricals. Stores majority of CSF

Fornix

Survival instinct- white matter- connects hippocampus to hypothalamus. Bottom of septum pellucidum

Hippocampus

Temporal Lobe- conversion of short term memory to long term memory

amygdala

Almond shaped mass - grey matter- anterior Hippocampus deep temporal lobe- integrative emotional center - emotional behavior, moods, and depression.

melatonin

Hormone - regulates sleep (produced in the pineal body)

Mass Intermedia

A mass of grey matter - no real function (not sure what it does)

Brachiocephalic Artery

Branches off the Aorta- only one (right)

Stroke

Loss of O2 to the brain - portion of the brain dies. Blocked or damaged cerebral vessels.

Stoke vs. Tumor

Tumor abnormal growth of tissue (brain) can affect "normal" function of the brain.

4 Arteries that supply blood to brain

R&L internal carotid arteries and R&L Vertebral arteries.

Why might a partially occluded vertebral artery cause fainting, especially when backing a car?

loss of blood flow through the vertebral arteries = loss of oxygen to the brain and increases the risk of fainting. Cerebral arteries pass up through the cervical vertebrae.

Vagus Nerve

parasympathetic- lowers heart rate, respiration blood pressure, and it runs with the carotid arteries.

Global Aphasia

Middle cerebral arteries (Blocked)

TIA

Transient Ischemic attack (mini stroke) signs and symptoms of a stroke with no permanent damage to the brain.

Middle cerebral Arteries

Between Lateral Fissure

Anterior Cerebral

Between Longitudinal fissure

Posterior Cerebral

Between Occipital Lobe and cerebellum.

Anastomosis

Natural Communication ( direct or indirect) between two vessels commonly blood vessels arteries- allowing their conttents to mis

Circle of willis

First anastomosis we will cover in class

What is the advantage of having a circle of willis

Many cross connective (Circulation) Anastomosis - protects some of the most critical/ vital areas of the brain and brain stem from experiencing ischemia- possible stroke.

Cranial Nerve 1

Olfactory - smell - SENSORY

Cranial nerve 2

Optic - vision - SENSORY

Cranial nerve 3

oculomotor - eye movement (SR, MR, IR, IO, Levator palpabrae) - MOTOR

cranial nerve 4

Trochlear- eye movement (SO) - MOTOR

Cranial nerve 5

Trigeminal - head dermatoner mastication (massiter and temporalis) - SENSORY AND MOTOR

cranial nerve 6

Abducens- eye movement (LR) - MOTOR

Cranial Nerve 7

Facial Movement, Anterior 2/3 of tongue/taste - MOTOR AND SENSORY

Cranial Nerve 8

Vestibulocochlear - Hearing and balance - SENSORY

Cranial Nerve 9

Glossopharyngeal- spit and swallow. Posterior 1/3 of tongue/ taste. - SENSORY AND MOTOR

Cranial Nerve 10

Vagus - Parasympathetic (lowers heart rate, blood pressure, and respiratory. Also aids in digestion. - SENSORY AND MOTOR

Cranial Nerve 11

Spinal accessory- trapesius, sternocleidomastoid. Turns head and elevate shoulders. - MOTOR

Cranial Nerve 12

Hypoglossal- Make out nerve. Tongue movement. - MOTOR

Cervical vertebre C1

Atlas (Greek god that held the worlk). Articulate with occipital condyles.

Cervical Vertebre C2

Axis- protrudes up kinda incased in atlas.

General Cerebral Blood Flow

How Blood travels from the heart to brain to the outside skull.

Aordic arch

Branches into brachiocephalic artery and the subclavian artery (Blood to left shoulder

Common artery

If it is common then it will biforcate

Occluded

Limits lumen( opening in a tubular structure) in vessle

Trigeminal Nerve

Splits to three sections

To Know

Origin of vessels

how/where they biforcate

bells Palsy

Temporary weakness/ paralyis of muscles in the face (acute peripheral facial palsy) exact cause unknown. Inflamation to the facial nerve- viral infection. Stress can be a contraleteral -can affect speech due to lower motor control/ functions

Diplopia

Double vision

Tinnitus

Ringing in the ears (affects 15-20% population)

Ataxia

Degenerative condition affects Nervous system mimics being intoxicated - slurred speech lowers motor control/coordination (falling down) affecting cerebellum often time damage to spinal cord.

Nystagmus

Involuntary rapid lateral/up and down movement of the eye- decreased vision depth perception cateracts, genetic, stroke, head injury, and inner ear problem.

Rectus

Eye muscles straight back

Oblique

eye muscles pull to the side.

Inferior rectus

Down and In. Cranial Nerve Three

Superior Rectus

Up and in. Cranial Nerve Three

Lateral Rectus

Out. Cranial Nerve six

Medial Rectus

In. Cranial Nerve three.

Superior Oblique

Down and out. Cranial nerve four

Inferior Oblique

Up and out. Cranial Nerve three

Levator Palpabrae

Eye muscles above the superior rectus. Cranial nerve three

Trigeminal Neuraligia = Tic douloureux

Nerve disorder in the face abrupt searing pain in the face. Volleying on and off up to 2 hours in duration - described as one of the most painful conditions in humans.

Causes of trigenminal Neuralgia

1. Blood vessels pressing on the root of trigeminal nerve

2. Multiple sclerosis

3. Tumor

4. Injury - damage to trigeminal nerve

5. Genetics - family history - formation of blood vessels

A-typical trigeminal Neurolgia

Constant aching or burning pain - lower intensity- harder to diagnose.

Dysethisia

Abnormal sensation (greek) painful itchy burning or restrictive sensation in the face. Common cause- nerve damage, tumor, ect.

What Nerve do Dentists Numb

Trigeminal Nerve

Mumps

Disease that causes swollen parotid glands

Origin of a muscle

Muscle Attachment (imoveable) usually a bone or bony process.

Insertion of a Muscle

Mucles attachment (moveable) usually a bone or bondy process

Orchitis

Inflammation ofone or both testicles commonly caused by bacterial or viral infection (stds. mumps, ect. ) Can cause sterility in adolecent males.

Superior Thyroid artery

Anterior Neck

Lingual artery

Tongue

Facial artery

Underchin

Ascending pharyngeal artery throat

Throat

Occipital artery

Back side of head

Superficial temporal

Side/top of head

Transverse Facial artery

Across face, under ege.

Submental artery

Underchin/mandible)

angular artery

Continuation of facial angles side

Buccal Artery

Cheek-deep

Superior and inferior labial arteries

Superficial lips

Why does scalp bleed heavily when cut?

Wounds commonly stay open due to the tightness of the skin of scalp and many anastamosis.

Which artery must not be injected by a dentist?

Superior and inferior aveolar arteries - risk of infection - provide blood to salivary glands.

Which artery supplies visual parts to the brain?

Posterior cerebral artery.

Hard palate

maxilla and palatine

What tonsils are removed during tonsillectomy?

Palatine tonsil and pharyngeal tonsil.

Function of tonsils

Alerts immune system (1st responder) captures and traps pathogens (Bacteria and viruses) that enter mouth and nose.

Function of palate in mammals?

Separates the oral cavity from the nasal cavity aids in the capability of breathing while chewing, swallowing, or sucking

Function of Eustachian Tube

equalizes the intratympanic air pressure with the pressure in the external auditory canal.