bio cells and enzymes

How are carbon dioxide and nitrogen waste removed from cells?

Exhalation and excretion

Cell definition

Basic structural unit of all lifeforms on earth

What do cells require to function

Energy (light or chemical)

Ions

Atom or molecule that has an electrical charge due to loosing or gaining electrons

Cellular respiration

Process that releases energy by breaking down glucose and other food molecules in the presence of oxygen

Respiration

Conversion of energy to carbs and fats into energy

Chemosynthesis

Synthesis of organic substances using energy from chemical reactions

Where are bacteria that chemosynthesis found?

No sunlight eg nitrogen fixing bacteria in soil

Metabolism

sum of all the biochemical reactions in an organism

2 types of metabolism

anabolism and catabolism

Assimilation

Process where organism incorporates nutrients from outside its body into more complex structures needed in its fluid or solid parts

Absorption

Movement of substances from external environment across cell membranes into internal environment of a cell organism

Asexual reproduction

Reproduction by duplicating their genetic material, DNA, and dividing equally into 2 daughter cells

how are new individuals formed from sexual reproduction

the specialised male and female cells fuse with like cells from a member of the same species

2 ways multicellular organisms can reproduce

sexually asexually or both

how are carbonic and nitrogenous wastes removed from cells

by exhalation or excretion

non cellular features examples

slime on frogs, exoskeletons , tree bark

what is a plasma membrane

boundary between internal and external environment of cell

cell theory points

• cells are the basic unit of life, cells arise from pre-existing cells, every living organism is made of cells

who first discovered cells and when

Robert Hooke in 1665

what is the word cell based on

cellular meaning small room where monks live

3 notable scientists

Robert hooke, Matthias Jacob schieiden, Theodore schwan

who developed the first cell theory and when

schieiden and Schwann in 1830s

microscopy

technical field of using microscopes to view samples

what microscope doesn't allow fine structures to be seen

light microscope

how does a light (optical) microscope work

light rays from a light source beneath the stage are transmitted through 2 glass lenses

what are the 2 lenses in light microscopes

objective and ocular

what microscope can magnify objects to apox 1000x

light microscope

what can be used to increase contrast in sample for microscopes

dyes

what structures can you see with a light microscope

nucleus, chloroplasts, cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane

advantage of light microscopes

specimen can be kept alive

organelle

a structure (often membrane enclosed) suspended in cytosol of cell that has a specific function

magnification

scaling up of an objects size (in multiples: 4x, 10x, 40x, 100x)

resolution

measure of the clarity of the image (min distance between 2 points)

electron microscopes 2 types

scanning electron microscope and transition electron microscope

electron microscope difference to light

uses electron beam instead of light and electromagnets instead of glass lenses

how electron microscopes work

interactions between electrons and object are recorded on a photographic plate then from a viewable image on screen

how much can electron microscopes magnify

1000 000x or more

organelles that can be viewed by an electron microscope

ribosomes, vacuoles, Golgi bodies, rough & smooth ER, mitochondria, nuclear membranes, nuclear pores, & nucleoli

scanning electron microscope advantage

good resolution but worse tham TEM

transition electron microscope magnification

up to 15000000x

TEM resolution

best resolution

nucleic acid

large organic molecule made of nucleotides

DNA

codes for proteins, universal basis of organisms genetic material

enzymes

biological catalyst increases speed of bio reactions (they are all macromolecules)

protein

large organic molecule built up of amino acids with specific structures and functional roles in living things

cells have inputs

a variety of raw materials that are processed by specialised enzymes or proteins

cells have outputs

products of raw materials some used in the cell others exported for use elsewhere

what encloses a cell

the cell membrane

what do all cells have that also function to make protein

ribosomes

2 main groups of cells

prokaryotes and eukaryotes

prokaryotes

Single-celled organisms without a nucleus or membrane bound organelles

eukaryotes

couples cell with nucleus and membrane bound organelles

general size range of prokaryotes

1-10μm

prokaryote cells found in kingdoms

bacteria and archaea

amino acids

nitrogen containing compound they are building blocks of proteins

what are proteins needed for

cell growth, repair and general cell functioning

plasmid

small circular piece of DNA found in bacteria and able to replicate independent of the cells main chromosome

eukaryote cells found in kingdoms

animalia, protista, fungi, plantae

membrane bound organelle

structure with membrane enclosing it, specialised function, suspended in cytosol

what do organelles facilitate

particular biochemical processes (eg cellular respiration and photosynthesis)

main molecule found in nucleus

DNA

chromosomes

DNA bundled code for production for proteins

what process to autotrophs do

photosynthesis

uses light energy to convert inorganic to organic molecules (eg glucose)

Photosynthesis

chemosynthesis

conversion of inorganic molecule to organic compounds

difference between chemo and photo synthesis

organisms don't need chlorophyll or sunlight during chemosynthesis

similarities of eukaryotes and prokaryotes

both have DNA, ribosomes, cytoplasm, and cell membrane

cell membrane function

acts as barrier protecting the cells contents and regulating what enters and exits the cell flexible phospholipid bilayer

what has cell wall

most prokaryotes and some eukaryotes (not animals)

chloroplast function

responsible for photosynthesis (site of it) and play a role in synthesising other essential compounds

rough endoplasmic reticulum function

primarily functions in protein synthesis, folding ad processing

smooth endoplasmic reticulum function

primarily synthesises lipids, steroids, and carbs

mitochondria function

generates most of cells energy by converting nutrients into ATP through cellular respiration

nucleus function

control centre of the cell houses genetic material, directs cells activity

vacuoles function

store water nutrients and waste maintain cell pressure and structure

cells require

energy inputs including light and chemical energy in complex molecules and matter

monomers

building blocks of polymers

carbohydrates are found in

food and are a fast and big source of energy found

carbohydrate monomer

Monosaccharide

what is the body's primary source of energy

carbohydrates broken down to glucose excess can convert to fat

carbohydrates are made of

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

lipids are also known as fats

fats

what are lipids good for

insulation and hormone regulation

what biomolecules are good for long term energy

lipids

what makes up cell membranes

lipids which allow fluidity (change shape/ move)

monomers of lipids

glycerol and fatty acids

lipids are made of

CHO (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen)

monomers of proteins

amino acids

proteins are used for

muscle development, immune system and enzyme structure

what are proteins composed of

a very specific sequence that forms polypeptide chain

proteins are made of

CHON (carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen)

nucleic acids monomer

nucleotides, DNA, RNA

what do nucleic acids do

store and transmit genetic information

nucleic acids are made of

CHOMP

what are fungal cell walls made of

chitin, glucans, and glycoproteins

cytoplasm function

is all the cell contents between the nuclear and cell membrane.

cytosol function

is the jelly like part of the cytoplasm and doesn't include organelles

ER endoplasmic reticulum

a network of Chanels and flattened sacks that extends almost everywhere in the cytoplasm

ER function

transports materials (proteins) throughout its region