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Benito Mussolini

Italian fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 and allied with Nazi Germany in WWII.

Adolf Hitler

Leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 who initiated WWII and orchestrated the Holocaust.

Neutrality Act of 1935

U.S. law that banned arms sales to nations at war to keep America out of foreign conflicts.

Neutrality Act of 1937

Expanded earlier neutrality laws and included a 'cash-and-carry' provision for non-military goods.

Quarantine Speech of FDR

1937 speech in which FDR called for isolating aggressive nations to stop the spread of war.

Blitzkrieg

A fast and intense military tactic used by Germany involving quick, overwhelming attacks.

Cash and carry

Policy allowing warring nations to buy U.S. goods if they paid upfront and transported them themselves.

Arsenal of Democracy

FDR's term for America's role in supplying Allied nations with weapons and materials during WWII.

Lend-Lease Act

1941 law allowing the U.S. to send war supplies to Allied nations without immediate payment.

Atlantic Charter

1941 agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining post-war goals like self-determination and peace.

Pearl Harbor

December 7, 1941, surprise attack by Japan on a U.S. naval base that led to America's entry into WWII.

War Production Board

U.S. agency that oversaw the conversion of industries to wartime production during WWII.

Office of Price Administration

Controlled prices and rationing to prevent inflation during WWII.

Office of War Information

Government agency that produced propaganda and promoted the war effort on the home front.

Manhattan Project

Secret U.S. project during WWII to develop the atomic bomb.

Double V for African Americans

Campaign calling for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.

Korematsu vs. US 1944

Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII as constitutional.

Rosie the Riveter

Cultural icon representing women who worked in factories during WWII.

Strategic bombing

Targeted destruction of enemy industrial and civilian centers to weaken war capacity.

Island hopping

Allied strategy in the Pacific to capture key islands and move closer to Japan.

Hiroshima and Nagasaki

Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender.

Big Three

WWII leaders: Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S.), Winston Churchill (UK), and Joseph Stalin (USSR).

Yalta Conference

1945 meeting of the Big Three to plan post-war Europe, including the division of Germany.

United Nations

International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation.

Iron Curtain

Term used by Churchill to describe the division between Western democracies and Eastern communist countries.

Cold War

Period of political tension and military rivalry between the U.S. and USSR after WWII, without direct conflict.

Satellite nations/Soviet bloc

Eastern European countries controlled by the USSR during the Cold War.

Containment

U.S. policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism during the Cold War.

George Kennan argument

Diplomat who advocated for containment of Soviet influence through political and economic means.

Truman Doctrine

U.S. policy promising aid to countries resisting communism, first applied to Greece and Turkey.

Marshall Plan

U.S. program providing economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII and prevent the spread of communism.