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Vascular Plants
Have vascular vessels to transport water & food
Non-Vascular Plant
Small simple plants, no vascular system. Cannot transport food/water far. No roots, have rhizoids. Found in moist environments. Reproduce sexually via spores or asexually via vegetative propagation
Rhizoids
Small hairs that keep non vascular plants in place
Non-Vascular Plants examples
Mosses, liverworts, hornworts
Plants with seeds
Allow plants to sexually reproduce without water, provide protection.
Seed Plant Evolution
Climate colder and drier so spore producing plants could not survive.
Seedless plants
dont produce seeds, disperesed via windblown seeds or water. Formed first forests.
Seedless plants examples
Ferns, whisk ferns, club mosses, horsetails
Angiosperms
Flower producing plants. Mature seed surrounded by ovule, referred to as hardwoods.
Gymnosperms
Seeds not enclosed in ovule, no flowers, softwoods.
Ginkgo Biloba
Only living species in division Ginkgophyta, all others extinct. Member of very old genus, some fossils dating back 200 million years.
Cycads
Seed plants with a very long fossil history, formerly more abundant and diverse.
Seed Parts
Embryo, Endosperm, Seed Coat
Embryo
Young multicellular organism before it emerges from seed
Endosperm
Source of stored food (mostly starches)
Seed Coat
1 or more protective layers that encase seed
Cotyledon
Embryonic leaf in seed-bearing plants, first leaves to appear in germinating seed.
Dicot seed
2 cotyledons, cotyledons fleshy and store food, endosperm absent.
Monocot seed
1 cotyledon, thin, small and lacks food materials. Endosperm present, stores food.
Stems made up of…
Nodes (Hold leaves and buds which grow into branches) and Internodes (spaces between the nodes)
Stem functions
Support for leaves, flowers, fruits. Transport of fluids. Storage of nutrients. Production of new living tissue.
Normal life span of plants
1-3 years
Meristems generate
new living tissue
Tissues in the stem
Dermal, Ground, Vascular
Dermal Tissue Stem
Outer surface, waterproofs, protects, and controls gas exchange.
Ground Tissue Stem
Mainly parenchyma cells that perform photosynthesis. Functions as storage/support.
Vascular Tissue Stem
Provides long distance transport, structural support.
Herbaceous Dicot Stems
Stems with primary growth. Pith in the centre, vascular bundles in distinct outer ring, epidermis/cuticle protects outside. Usually dont grow very tall.
Primary Growth
Growth that occurs as a result of cell division at the tips of stems and roots
Woody Dicot Stems
Secondary growth causes stems to thicken, not elongate. Vascular cambium cells divide to produce secondary xylem on inside and secondary phloem on outside. As stem diameter increases, cortex & epidermis destroyed and cork cambium develops, producing cork cells. Secondary xylem stops transporting materials, becomes structural support (what we commonly call wood).
Tree rings
At the end of each growing season, vascular cambium stops growing - creating a growth ring.
Tree Ring Seasons
In the spring, lots of xylem produced, cells are larger and wood less dense. In fall, fewer and smaller xylems produced and wood very dense.
Monocot stems
Vascular bundles scattered throughout. Rarely produce secondary growth, seldom woody.
Xylem Cells
Tracheids and vessel elements. Thick walled, dead and maturity, rich in lignin (carbohydrate for strong cells).
Phloem Cells
Sieve tubes and Companion Cells. Living at maturity, contain cytoplasm.
Tracheids
Long, cylindrical cells with tapered ends. Cell walls have pits that allow water/solutes to pass up/across to neighboring xylem.
Vessel Elements
Short/wide cells with less tapered ends. Only side cell walls have pits. Other walls have perforation plates (end walls with one of more openings to allow water an solutes to pass through connected tube they form.
Sieve Tube Elements
Have cytoplasm, lack many cell organelles, including a nucleus. End walls of these cells called sieve plates (Cell walls with perforations to allow sugar solutions to pass to neighboring phloem cells).
Companion Cells
Always with sieve tube elements (Has nucleus/Other organelles that sieve tube element lacks).
Root Functions
Anchors, Absorption, Transportation, Storage
Root Structure Parts (Specialized)
Meristem, Root Cap, Root Hairs
Meristem
Unspecialized cells that divide and differentiate into specialized tissues
Root Cap
Cells produce mucus-like substance which lubricates movement of root through soil
Root Hairs
Increase surface area for absorption of nutrients and water
Root Layers
epidermis, Cortex, Vascular cyliner
Epidermis Roots
Root Hairs increase absorption of water and minerals
Cortex
Transports water & minerals from epidermis to vascular cylinder
Storage of food
Endodermis is the inner waxy layer
Vascular Cylinder (Root)
Xylem transports water/minerals from roots to leaves
Phloems transports sugars from leaves to roots
Root Types
Taproots, Fibrous, Adventitious
Adventitious roots
Arise from organ other than root, usually stem.
Root Hairs (Describe Absorption)
Root cells usually hypertonic to soil, so water enters passively by osmosis. Walls of root cells very thin, have a large surface area.
Depth of the root..
Depends on the moisture content of the soil
Hypertonic
Has a greater concentration of solute relative to an adjacent solution
Monocot Roots
Fibrous roots, separate strands of xylem and phloem alternate around a pith-like region.
Dicot Roots
Taproots, Xylem x-shaped and a solid strand, phloem arranged in separate strands.
Casparian Strip
Waxy layer that coats endodermal cells, prevents water from moving in the spaces between the endodermal cells
Leaves function
Photosynthesis (Uses carbon dioxide, produces oxygen and glucose)
Leaf Structure
Designed to capture maximum light, minimize water loss
Leaf Tissues
Dermal, Ground, Vascular
Dermal Tissues in Leaf
Epidermis, Stomata & Guard Cells
Leaf Epidermis
Outer protective layer of polygonal cells, defends against injury and invasion by foreign organisms.
Secretes waxy substance that forms a coating (cuticle) on the surface of the leaf.
Cuticle
Waxy surface coating substance secreted by epidermis, unique to terrestrial plants, allows them to retain water.
Stomata & Guard Cells
On leaf’s lower epidermis there are microscopic pores known as stomata. Each is a small opening between pair of specialized guard cells.
Opening and Closing Stomata
Guard cells open and close stomata to regulate gas exchange and transpiration. When high solute, water moves into guard cells, they swell and open stomata. Low solute, water moves out, close.
Day and Night in Stomata
Open during the day, closed during the night.
Opening and Closing of Stomata Environmental Factors
When weather hot and dry, guard cells of plant close stomata in order to reduce evaporation from leaf stomata.
Vasular Tissues Leaves
Transports reactants and products of photosynthesis. Xylem and phloem from stem divide into two branches to supply materials. Make up the veins. These components extend through the mesophyll so they are in close proximity with photosynthesis tissues.
Ground Tissue LEaf
Found in mesophyll of leaf (between epidermal layers). Predominant cells are parenchyma cells, which contain chloroplasts (sites of photosynthesis).
Mesophyll Regions
Upper section, the palisade parenchyma. Lower section, the spongy parnechyma.
Palisade Parenchyma
Elongated columnar parenchyma cells, contain 3 - 5x more chloroplasts than spongy.
Spongy Parenchyma Cells
Irregularly shaped, allowing gases to circulate through the air spaces between to the palisade parenchyma
Dicot Leaf
Stomata guarded by kidney shaped guards, branched veins, two types of mesophyll.
Monocot leaf
Stomata guarded by dumbbell shaped guards, parallel veins, no mesophyll differentiation.
Photosynthesis stages
Light Reactions, Calvin Cycle
Light Reactions
Takes place within thylakoid membrane (tiny compartment in chlorplast). Uses solar energy to split water into hydrogen ions, eletrons and oxygen. Excites electrons within chlorophyll that sets off a series of reactions which create high energy compounds.
Calvin Cycle
Takes place within stoma of chloroplasts. Uses high energy compounds from light reactions to drive cycle. Carbon dioxide combines with intermediate compounds to form glucose.
Photosynthesis Word Equation
Water + Carbon Dioxide → (Sunlight) Glucose + Oxygen
Photosynthesis Requirements
Water, Carbon Dioxide, Sunlight
Photosynthesis Purpose
Ceates food (sugars from chloroplasts) that plants use to fuel cellular respiration (Used in mitochondria to create energy in the form of ATP)
Macronutrients
Nitrogen, Phosphorus, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium
Nitrogen
Component of proteins, DNA & RNA
Phosphorus
Component of DNA & RNA
Potassium
Controls stomata, water intake
Calcium
Development and function of cell walls
Magnesium
Component of chlorophyll
Micronutrients
Iron, Zinc, Copper
Iron
Chlorophyll structure, cell respiration
Zinc
Regulation of plant growth, function of chloroplasts
Copper
Reproduction, Root metabolism, cell respiration
Organic Fertilizers
From living sources
Inorganic Fertilizers
Produced chemically
Plant Fertilizer Percentage
10-18-10 of N-P-K
Role of macronutrients in Fertilizer
N promotes green growth
P promotes root and flower growth
K promotes hardiness
Fritz Haber
German chemist, received nobel prize in chemistry for invention of haber-bosch process. Method used in industry to synthesize ammonia from nitrogen gas and hydrogen gas. Important for large-scale synthesis of fertilizers and explosivrs
Seeds require _ for germination
heat and moisture
Seed Germination Hormone
Giberellin hormone released, starch broken into simple sugars to provide energy for growing embryo
Seed Germination Oxygen & Water
Water absorbed into seed, seed coat cracks
Oxygen diffuses into seed for cell respiration
Seed Germination Steps
Gibberellin hormone released
Water absorbed into seed, seed coat cracks
Oxygen diffuses into seed for Cell Respiration
Radicle emerges, pushes down and becomes root
Hypocotyl emerges, pushes up to become stem
Epicotyl and Cotelydons grow upward to form leaves
True leaves develop, plant matures
Water Transport
Root hairs absorb minerals via active transport (glucose stored in roots produce energy via CR)
Minerals Actively pumped from soil water into epidermis → cortex → endodermis → xylem
Sets up hypertonic condition → water rushes in passively via osmosis
Root Pressure pushes water & minerals up xylem
Leaf Pull
Evaporation of water “pulls” on adjacent water molecules, move up the stem via adhesion and cohesion