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Benito Mussolini – Italian fascist dictator who ruled Italy from 1922 to 1943 and allied with Nazi Germany in WWII.
Adolf Hitler – Leader of Nazi Germany from 1933 to 1945 who initiated WWII and orchestrated the Holocaust.
Neutrality Act of 1935 – U.S. law that banned arms sales to nations at war to keep America out of foreign conflicts.
Neutrality Act of 1937 – Expanded earlier neutrality laws and included a "cash-and-carry" provision for non-military goods.
Quarantine Speech of FDR – 1937 speech in which FDR called for isolating aggressive nations to stop the spread of war.
Blitzkrieg – German war machine – A fast and intense military tactic used by Germany involving quick, overwhelming attacks.
“Cash and carry” – Policy allowing warring nations to buy U.S. goods if they paid upfront and transported them themselves.
Arsenal of Democracy – FDR's term for America's role in supplying Allied nations with weapons and materials during WWII.
Lend-Lease Act – 1941 law allowing the U.S. to send war supplies to Allied nations without immediate payment.
Atlantic Charter – 1941 agreement between FDR and Churchill outlining post-war goals like self-determination and peace.
Pearl Harbor – December 7, 1941, surprise attack by Japan on a U.S. naval base that led to America's entry into WWII.
War Production Board – U.S. agency that oversaw the conversion of industries to wartime production during WWII.
Office of Price Administration – Controlled prices and rationing to prevent inflation during WWII.
Office of War Information – Government agency that produced propaganda and promoted the war effort on the home front.
Manhattan Project – Secret U.S. project during WWII to develop the atomic bomb.
“Double V” for African Americans – Campaign calling for victory against fascism abroad and racism at home.
Korematsu vs. US 1944 – Supreme Court case that upheld the internment of Japanese Americans during WWII as constitutional.
Rosie the Riveter – Cultural icon representing women who worked in factories during WWII.
Strategic bombing – Targeted destruction of enemy industrial and civilian centers to weaken war capacity.
Island hopping – Allied strategy in the Pacific to capture key islands and move closer to Japan.
Hiroshima and Nagasaki – Japanese cities destroyed by U.S. atomic bombs in August 1945, leading to Japan's surrender.
Big Three – WWII leaders: Franklin D. Roosevelt (U.S.), Winston Churchill (UK), and Joseph Stalin (USSR).
Yalta Conference – 1945 meeting of the Big Three to plan post-war Europe, including the division of Germany.
United Nations – International organization founded in 1945 to promote peace, security, and cooperation.
Iron Curtain – Term used by Churchill to describe the division between Western democracies and Eastern communist countries.
Cold War – Period of political tension and military rivalry between the U.S. and USSR after WWII, without direct conflict.
Satellite nations/Soviet bloc – Eastern European countries controlled by the USSR during the Cold War.
Containment – U.S. policy aimed at stopping the spread of communism during the Cold War.
George Kennan argument – Diplomat who advocated for containment of Soviet influence through political and economic means.
Truman Doctrine – U.S. policy promising aid to countries resisting communism, first applied to Greece and Turkey.
Marshall Plan – U.S. program providing economic aid to rebuild Western Europe after WWII and prevent the spread of communism.