reading and writing

text

text

can refer to any written material that can be read, defined as an object that can be read. a coherent set of signs that transmits some kind of informative message.

discourse

it was first interpreted as “dialogue” — an interaction between a speaker and a listener. authentic daily communications, mainly oral and included in wide communicate context.

microlinguistic elements

frequency counts, information structure, text linguistic devices

macrolinguistic elements

genre and levels of discourse of text

text as a connected discourse

a coherent text which can be spoken or written. it means that all ideas in the text must be related in the sense that they would express only one main idea, it must have unity by combining all ideas.

read

a text becomes a connected discourse when we _______

reading

cognitive process of decoding symbols to derive meaning from a text. always an interaction between the reader and the text

reading

what we do in order to gain idea and share information for academic, personal, professional purposes.

pre-reading, while-reading, post-reading

what are the three reading processes?

pre-reading

this stage allows the readers to draw on their background knowledge by looking at the title. it aims to motivate the readers to read and to activate their schema or background knowledge.

while-reading

in this stage, the readers may reread the text until they fully understand its meaning.

post-reading

in this stage, the readers have to check their understanding of the text.

basic reading skills

what are these concepts?— rapid reading, previewing, literal reading, inferential reading, critical reading

rapid reading

aims to locate specific information or main ideas in a very short span of time. examples of this include skimming and reading.

skimming

gets an overview of the paragraph and its main idea.

locating the main idea

a reading skill which involves identifying the central message of a reading selection

scanning

quick reading strategy which aims to get specific information from a given text.

previewing

reader overlooks a material and focuses on the information they find relevant. allows readers to set the purpose and link the content of the material to their background knowledge.

browsing

also known as inspecting, it unhurriedly goes over the table of contents, introduction, summary, and is a previewing technique.

literal reading

involves the understanding of ideas and facts that are directly stated in the material. includes note-taking, paraphrasing, summarizing.

summarizing

a technique that involves condensing a lengthy text into a shorter passage which is usually 15-30 percent of the source material while retaining its essence.

paraphrasing

involves restating ideas from the original text. similar to original text’s length because it mainly focuses on the details and not the main idea.

inferential reading

refers to the process of deducing facts and ideas not directly expressed in the text. also known as “reading between the lines” it makes generalizations, inferences, and conclusions.

inference

an idea drawn from facts or details in the text.

critical reading

refers to close and thorough evaluation of the claims in the text in terms of relevance, validity, and logic. includes distinguishing facts from opinions and detecting logical fallacies.

developmental, pleasure, functional, remedial reading

the 4 types of reading according to purpose

developmental reading

it aims to develop the reader’s reading skills, enhance and improve their abilities in reading.

pleasure reading

a more passive type of reading that primarily aims to provide enjoyment and entertainment.

functional reading

a type of reading designed to help readers learn basic functional reading, such as reading school forms and instructions

remedial reading

a type of reading which aims to correct the effects of poor teaching and poor learning

outline

a tool for organizing ideas, includes decimal and alphanumeric outlining

graphic organizers

visual representation of concepts that help you structure information into organization patterns

brainstorming

most popular technique in generating ideas, it helps in establishing patterns of ideas, develop new ways of thinking, activate background knowledge, and overcome mental block

idea list

listing of ideas about a particular topic, it helps find main idea and supporting details, especially appropriate for textual people

idea map

visual representation of ideas and their connections with one another, it is more structured and shows how one idea subordinates another

venn diagram

a graphic organizer used to compare and contrast ideas and events. uses two or more overlapping circles to show similar and differences.

network tree

a graphic organizer used to represent hierarchy of, classification, and branching. useful in showing relationships

spider map

also known as semantic map. used to investigate and enumerate numerous various aspects of a central idea which could be a concept, topic, or theme. central idea is placed at the center of the map while the diagonal lines hold the main idea and the other side contains the details.

problem-solution map

a graphic organizer used to display the nature of the problem and how it can be solved. usually contains the problem description, causes, effects and solutions.

timeline

it is used to show the chronological order of events through a long bar labeled with dates and specific events. can be linear or comparative.

linear timeline

shows a single event that happened within a period of time.

comparative timeline

shows two sets of events that happened within the same period of time

plot diagram

a graphic organizer used to map events in a story, making it easier to analyze the major parts of the plot.

exposition, inciting moment, rising action, climax, falling action, resolution

6 major events in a plot (in order)

series of events chain

used to show logical sequence of events

fishbone map

also known as ishikawa diagram. used to better understand the casual relationship of a complex phenomenon. shows the factors that cause a specific event or problem as well as details

cycle

used to describe how a series of events interact to produce a set of results repeatedly

persuasion map

used to map out arguments and evidence that prove a viewpoint. especially useful when processing persuasive or argumentative texts.

coordination, subordination, division, parallel construction

4 principles to follow in creating an outline

principle of coordination

it requires ideas of the same relevance to be labeled in the same way.

principle of subordination

shows that minor details have to be placed under their respective major details

principle of division

it requires that no cluster should contain only one item.

parallel construction

it requires all entries in each cluster to use the same structure and format.

topic outline

an outline that uses words and phrases for its entries. used if the ideas being discussed can be arranged in a number of ways.

sentence outline

it uses complete sentences for its entries. used when the topic being discussed is complicated and requires a lot of details.