history unit 4 test study guide

who were the industrial pioneers?

Rockefeller, carnegie, vanderbilt

what companies did the industrial pioneers run?

Rockefeller standard oil, Carnegie steel, Vanderbilt railroad

what are trusts

an agreement that allows people to have stock in other companies

benefits and costs of merging companies

negative profit cuts but more opportunities

what is Carnegie’s gospel of wealth

you should give your money to those who will do something with it. giving to the poor is wrong. invest in universities, libraries, hospitals, etc.

what is the Clayton antitrust act?

government chooses to step in and manage businesses. legalized boycotts and strikes. tried to prevent monopolies.

what is social darwinism?

only values humans if they are successful and accomplished

what is laissez faire?

government hands off. fits with darwinism view that “only the fit will survive”.

problems laborers have?

low pay, dangerous conditions, long hours, child labor

what are unions?

a group of people who work together to get better pay, hours, anything to be treated more fairly

what are strikes?

when laborers stop working and protest until they get fired or they get better working conditions. industrialist will hire workers to take their place. often turn violent.

what is collective bargaining?

both sides negotiate to find common ground for better working conditions

what is socialism?

government controls everything. equal pay for all (doesn’t matter if your skilled or not)

immigrant experiences?

many died on the long journey, faced unfriendly cultures, had to work very hard for little pay, lived in terrible conditions

what is ellis island?

immigration inspection station. thorough tests to get in but majority got in

what is the US immigration policy?

limited the amount of immigrants allowed entry into the US. only 3% from every country. because of world war 1 (too much people)

benefits of immigration?

more workers, willing to take low paying jobs, law abiding citizens

what is the political machine?

maintains power in a city or state through rewards or punishments that keep people voting for them. influence people below you. people are no longer voting for who they think should be in power, instead they are being forced to.

what is the civil service system?

government officials are hired because of merit and not who they are

what is the 17th amendment?

allowed voters to cast direct votes to US senators

what is the 19th amendment?

granted women the right to vote

what is direct primary?

when you nominate candidates for office through votes

what is referendum?

a direct vote on a law

what is recall?

allows voters to petition to remove an elected official

what is progressivism?

the progress of society depends on experts changing the environment. solve problems through data, science, and trained professionals

progressive vs. social darwinism vs. biblical?

christians value everyone because they are made by God. darwinists value the accomplished, not the poor. progressivists want income equality for all

what is horizontal merging?

merge between the same types of companies

what is vertical merging?

merge of different companies that are needed to produce a product