Equilibria

What is dynamic equilibrium?

The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the reverse reaction

What are the characteristics of dynamic equilibrium?

* It never stops
* The rate of the forward reaction is equal to the rate of the backwards reaction
* The concentration of the reactants and products remains constant
* Occurs in a closed system (nothing is gained or lost)
* Reactants and products can be attained from neither direction of the reaction

What is Le Chatelier’s principle

If dynamic equilibrium is subject to changing conditions, the position of equilibrium will shift to counter act the change

How does increasing temperature affect the position of equilibrium in an exothermic reaction?

Equilibrium will shift to the left to take in more heat and reduce the temperature

How does increasing concentration of reactants affect the position of equilibrium?

Equilibrium will shift to the right and make more products in order to reduce reactant concentration

How does increasing pressure affect the position of equilibrium?

Equilibrium will shift to the side with fewer gaseous molecules in order to increase pressure

How does the presence of a catalyst affect the position of equilibrium?

The position of equilibrium does not change however equilibrium is reached faster since the rate of the forward and backward reactions is increased

What is the effect of temperature on the magnitude of equilibrium?

If the forward reaction is exothermic Kc reduces

If the forward reaction is endothermic Kc increases

How does concentration and pressure affect equilibrium of magnitude constant?

Kc remains the same

What does equilibrium constant tell us?

The position of equilibrium

What does the magnitude of equilibrium constant tell us?

Whether there are more reactants or products in an equilibrium system

What is Kp?

Equilibrium constant for gaseous

State the Haber Process

N2 + 3H2 ⇌ 2NH3

Where are nitrogen and hydrogen sourced from for the Haber Process?

Nitrogen: Fractional distillation

Hydrogen: Natural gas

What are the conditions for the Haber Process?

* 400-450°C
* 200 atm
* Iron catalyst

State the Contact Process

2SO2 + O2 ⇌2SO3

Where is sulfur dioxide and oxygen sourced from for the Contact Process?

Sulfur dioxide: Heat sulfur in air

Oxygen: Air

What are the necessary conditions for the Contact Process?

* 400-450°C
* 1-2atm
* V2O5 catalyst (vanadium oxide)

What is an acid according to Bronsted Lowry?

A proton donor

What is a base according to Bronsted Lowry?

A proton acceptor

What is a conjugate acid-base?

Two species that differ from each other by a proton (H+ proton)

What is a strong acid?

An acid that fully dissociates in solution

What is a strong base?

A base that fully dissociates in solution

What is a weak acid?

An acid that partially dissociates in solution

What is a weak base?

A base that partially dissociates in solution

What is pH?

A measure/compare in hydrogen ion concentration

How is a suitable indicator for an acid-base titration?\`

* The pH range of the indicator must be within the vertical section of the pH curve
* Weak acid-base reactions have no suitable indicator because they have no vertical regions

List examples of strong acids

HCl

HNO3 (nitric acid)

H2SO4

List strong bases

NaOH

KOH

Ba(OH)2 (barium hydroxide)

Give examples of weak acids

CH3COOH

H3PO4 (phosphoric acid)

What is an example of a weak base?

NH3