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Gravitational potential
The work done per unit mass to bring an object from infinity to a point in the gravitational field
Thermal equilibrium
When there is no net heat flow between bodies in thermal contact
Specific heat capacity
The energy required to raise the temperature of a unit mass of a substance by one kelvin
Specific latent heat of vaporisation
The thermal energy required per unit mass in order to change a liquid into a gas at constant temperature
Specific latent heat of fusion
The thermal energy required per unit mass in order to change a liquid into a solid at constant temperature
A solid is resistant to changes in _____ and _____
shape, volume
A liquid is resistant to changes in _____ but takes up the _____ of its container
volume, shape
A gas takes up the _____ and _____ of its container
shape, volume
Internal energy
The total sum of the randomly distributed kinetic energy and potential energy of atoms/molecules
Boyle’s law
Pressure is inversely proportional to volume for a fixed mass of gas at constant temperature
Newton’s second law
The resultant force acting on an object is proportional to the rate of change of momentum and the change in momentum occurs in the same direction as the resultant force
Centripetal force
A resultant force that acts perpendicularly to the direction of motion, instantaneously towards the centre of a circle
Work done
Force multiplied by the distance moved in the direction of the force
Simple harmonic motion (SHM)
Acceleration is directly proportional to the displacement from the equilibrium position and is always directed towards the equilibrium position
Isochronous oscillator
An oscillator that has the same time period regardless of amplitude
Free vibration
The oscillatory motion of a system, displaced from its equilibrium position and then allowed to oscillate without any external periodic driving forces. The system oscillates at its natural frequency
Forced vibration
The oscillatory motion of a system where an external periodic driving force is applied. The system oscillates at the driving frequency
Newton’s law of gravitation
The gravitational force of attraction exerted on one object by another object is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between their centres of mass
Gravitational field strength
Force per unit mass at a point in a gravitational field
Kepler’s first law
The orbit of a planet is an ellipse with the Sun at one of the two foci
Kepler’s second law
A line segment joining a planet and the Sun sweeps out equal areas during equal intervals of time
Kepler’s third law
The cube of the planet’s mean distance from the Sun divided by the square of the orbital period is the same for all planets
Note
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