Reproductive System Final

Gonads

seeds that produce sex cells (testes and ovaries)

What is the role of production of offspring for females?

manufacture ova and protection of embryo/fetus

What is the role of production of offspring for males?

manufacture and deliver sperm

The two functions of the male gonads

exocrine-sperm

endocrine- testosterone

tunica albuginea

white coat covering

The ____ plunges into the ______.

The septa plunges into the teste.

seminiferous tubules

long, coiled tubes in the testes where sperm production occurs through the process of spermatogenesis.

retetestis

the place where tubules empty into

epididymis

a coiled tube located on the back of each testicle where sperm mature and are stored before ejaculation.

interstital cells

Cells found in the spaces between the seminiferous tubules in the testes, responsible for producing testosterone and androgens

Duct System

A network of tubular structures that transport fluids, such as air or digestive juices, within the body or from glands to specific areas.

shape of epididymis

"Coiled tube on top of testis; head, body, tail regions; site of sperm maturation and storage."

How long does it take for a sperm to swim to reach the egg?

It takes a sperm about 20 minutes

What happens during ejaculation in the Epididymis?

The walls contract to expel the sperm into the ductus deferens

epididymitis

Inflammation of the coiled tube behind the testicle. Symptoms include pain, swelling, and fever. Commonly caused by bacterial infection or sexually transmitted diseases.

Ductus Deferens

A tube that carries sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation. Also known as the vas deferens.

What is the main function of the Ductus Deferens?

to transport sperm from the epididymis to the ejaculatory duct during ejaculation. During ejaculation, thich layers of smooth muscle create peristaltic waves.

male urethra

a tube that carries urine from the bladder and semen from the reproductive system out of the body through the penis.

3 regions of urethra

1) prostatic urethra

2) membranous urethra

3)spongy urethra

prostatic urethra

surrounded by prostate gland

membranous urethra

spans distance from prostatic urethra to penis

spongy urethra

runs length of the penis

seminal vesicles location and purpose

located at the base of the bladder and produces 60% of semen volume, contains sugar, vitamin c, and hormones

fibronogen

helps in seminal clotting after ejaculation

alkaline fluid

nuetralizes acidic vaginal secretions

prostate

“donut shaped”

surrounds upper part of urethra

what does the prostate do?

it secretes fluid which activates the sperm and it is the size of a peach pit

prostatis

inflammation of the prostate

Bulbourethral Glands

pea sized

it’s below the prostate, and it excretes thick, clear mucus during arousal

cleanses the urethra

steps of ejaculation

1) arousal - urinary sprincter closes off bladder

2) bulbourethral; glands - secrete lubricating fluid

3) peristaltic contractions force sperm out of epididymis thru vas deferens

4) sperm exit vas deferens into ejaculatory duct where they mix with secretions from the seminal vesicles, prostate, and bulbourethral gland

5) semen is released

semen

milky white, sticky

sertoli cells

nourish sperm cells as they develop

spermiogenesis

• excess cytoplasm sloughed off

• tail formed

sperm anatomy

3 parts: head, midpiece, and tail

head of sperm

• contains compacted DNA and nucleus

• like a large lysosome

• releases enzyme when in contact w/ egg

midpiece of sperm

• filaments from centrioles form here

• mitochondria wraps tightly around filaments

tail of sperm

• filaments from midpiece extend to form tail

testosterone production

• produced by interstitial cells

• activated by Luteinizing Hormone

• stimulates growth spurt, developed of reproductive organs, and sex drive

external genitalia

scrotum and penis

scrotum

• divided sac of skin

• hangs outside of body cavity at root of penis

penis

• normally loosely hanging

• needs below body temp.

cremaster muscle

surrounds each teste, contrasts/reflexes to adjust height

penis

• skin covered main “body” of penis

• prepuce/foreskin

• erectile tissue

ovaries

• almond shaped

• One of a pair of female glands in which the eggs form and the female hormones estrogen and progesterone are made

______________ surrounded by ___________ _____

ovarian follicles surrounded by follicle cells

how is the ovary held to the pelvis

• suspensory ligament

• ovarian ligament

• broad ligament

duct system

• uterine tubes

• uterus

• vagina

what do the fallopian tubes do?

• receive oocyte

• provide site of fertilization

• takes egg from ovary to uterus

how long does the oocyte take?

viable for 24 hrs

journey takes 3-4 days

sperm has to swim against ____

beating cilia

PID

pelvic inflammatory disease

gonorrhea and other STD’s

can scar and close narrow uterine tubes

can cause female infertility

Tubal Litigation

cuts off and ties off fallopian tubes

much higher risk of complications than vasectomy

where is the uterus located?

located in pelvis b/t bladder and rectum

what does the uterus do?

receives, retains, and nourishes fertilized egg

what ligaments is the uterus anchored by?

body - major portion

fundus - rounded upper portion

cervix - narrow outlet, protrudes into vagina below

3 layers

endometrium

myometrium

perimetrium

endometrium

• inner layer

• fertilized egg burrows into this

  • implantation

• sloughs off if not pregnant

  • menstruation

myometrium

• interlaced bundles of smooth muscle

• bulky

• contracts rhythmically during delivery

perimetrium

outer layer

cervical cancer

frequent inflammation

STDS

multiple pregnancies

can be detected w/ pap smear

vagina

thin walled tube

female organ of copulation - receives penis and semen

hymen

in the vagina

vascular - bleeds when ruptured

external genitalia

“vulva”

mons pubis

labia

clitoris

urethral & vaginal orfices

greater vestibular glands

mons pubis

fatty

cover pubic symphysis

covered pubic hair after puberty

labia

majora - hair covered skin folds, outside and thicker

minora - hair free, delicate, smaller

encloses vestibule

vestible

urethra - no reproductive function

greater vestibular glands - secretes vagina

clitoris

small and protruding

corresponds to penis

hooded

sensitive erectile tissue - swollen with blood during excitement