Philosophy - Logic and Reasoning

Reasoning

the ability to process info to help an act or idea

Propositions

a sentence of declarative nature that has value of truth

Premises

a proposition you put forward so a conclusion can be created

Conclusion

A summary based on evidence or facts

Denying the consequent

If not 2
Therefore, not 1

Informal logic

the kind of arguments we have in our everyday life

Cogency

the defention of terms are evident + the premises are true + the premises serve as a strong support for the conclusion

Slippery slope

assumes that one event will lead to a more bigger event.

Rhetoric

the art of using language effectively and persuasively

The five virtues

Jen, Li, Shu, Xiao, Wen

junzi

superior individuals who practice the five virtues

Anaximander of Miletus

assumed that our world was a great number of worlds that dissolved into something called the boundless.

Anaximenes

all source of things must be "air" or vapour

Parmenides

thought there was no such thing called change, everything in the world stayed the same,

What did Parmenides argue?

true reality (Being) is one thing that is unchaning.

Heraditus

assumed that consistent change is the most basic attribute of nature, pointed out that opposites characterized the earth.

Argument

the use of many reasons to support an idea

Validity

the link between the premises and the conclusion. does not have to be true

Syllogims

a deductive argument in which the conclusion follows the truth of two or more premises

The law of the excluded middle

something that must be true or false.

The law of identity

If a statement is true, then it is true.

What if an argument is not cogent?

Informal fallacy

Logical fallacy

a mistake in reasoning

Straw person

in which a person attacks a small part of the argument and refutes with another claim.

Taoism

in which people live a simple life in harmony with nature.

what are the three Rhetoric appeals?

logos, pathos, ethos

logos

appeal to reasons/logic

pathos

appeal to emotions

ethos

appeal to one's character (ethics)

Confucianism

personal ethics and morality

Confucianism beliefs

humanistic approach

Confucian Heaven

is here

Confucius's school

"The Way of Heaven"

Thales

Father of philosophy

Thales belief

all water was living things

What did Anaximenes think of water?

condensed air.

rationalism

belief in reason and logic as the primary source of knowledge

Empedocles

all matter was composed of earth, air, fire, water

philosophy

the practice of thinking about thinking

Inferences

moving from reasons to conclusion

Deductive reasoning

general to specific

inductive reasoning

specific to general

Abductive Reasoning

inference to the best explanation

Soundness

validity + premises must be true

Unsoundness

invalidity + falses premises

Invalidity

conclusion do not match the premise

Affirming the antecedent

If 1, then 2
Therefore 2

The law of non-contradiction

a statement can't be true and false at the same time and same respect

Socrates's philosophy

The wisest person is the one who recognizes your own ignorance

Formal fallacy

an error in deductive logic

Ad hominem

a personal attack on the person rather than the argument itself

Guilt by association

calls someone's character into question by examining the character of that person's associates

Example of straw person

"Okay, I might have failed the test yet, atleast I studied, Irene didin't!"

Post Hoc

Assuming that because B comes after A, A caused B.

Begging the question

when the argument's premise presumes the truth of the ending instead of finding arguments that can support that claim

Hasty conclusion

Making a judgment based on bad evidence.

Inconsistency

contradictory argument

False dichotomy

considering only two extremes when there are other possibilities

Glittering generalities

using words that sound good but don't have a definite meaning

Appeal to authority

relies on the usage of a well-known source or person to support their claim

Card stacking

only favours one opinion, one view, and one perspective.

Bandwagon

uses public opinion to support their claims

Tao

the way

Lao Tzu

Founder of Taoism

The Tao

order of the universe

Wu Wei

non-action

Yin-yang

the Daoist concept of opposing forces of nature

Where does Ancient philosophy go from?

sixth century B.C.E. to about the third century C.E.

What is the pinnacle of Ancient Philosophy?

Greek philosophy which was made by Plato and Aristotle

How did the philosophers discover principals?

By refusing to rely on mythology and explain all natural phenoms in the world.

Who made a clear difference from true knowledge and opinion?

Socrates

Which philosopher is known as the martyr?

Socrates

What was the School of Plato?

academy

What did Plato try to write in?

dialogue

dialectic

logical argument

Aristotle's school?

Lyceum

The Sophists

people who were able to speak well and were skilled in the rhetoric (persuasion)

Who founded The Stoics

Zeno

eudaimonia

happiness

Tao Te Ching,

the central text of Daoism.

cosmic vital energy

chi

analects

The book that Kong Fuzi wrote and that stresses the values and ideas of Confucianism.

What is Taoism more about?

letting go and accepting life

What does Taoism emphasize?

harmony with nature (going with the order of the universe and leaving this as it is)

What does Confucianism emphasize?

harmony within society