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McCulloch v. Maryland (decision)
(1) The national bank is allowed because it falls under the category of implied powers, which are allowed by the necessary and proper clause; (2) states like Maryland cannot tax the national bank because national laws overrule state laws (supremacy clause)
United States v. Lopez (decision)
struck down the gun free school zones act because Congress had no constitutional authority to pass the law; guns in school are not economic activities that affect interstate commerce
Baker v. Carr (decision)
The supreme court has jurisdiction over cases of legislative redistricting; malapportionment is unconstitutional because it is a violation of the "one person, one vote" principle
Shaw v. Reno (decision)
Congressional districts cannot be drawn solely along racial lines to help or hinder the number of minority representatives a state sends to the House of Reps.
Citizens United v. FEC (decision)
The First Amendment's free speech clause protects the rights of corporations, unions, and other interesr groups to spend unlimited amounts of money to influence the outcome of an election; upheld disclosure requirements and contribution limits by individuals and PACs
New York Times v. United States (decision)
Bolstered freedom of the press by banning prior restraint (censorship) unless there is a "clear and present danger" (imminent threat to national security)
Marbury v. Madison (decision)
the Supreme Court established the power of judicial review, a power not specifically mentioned in the constitution
Engel v. Vitale (decision)
School sponsorship of religious activities (ex. prayer) violates the Establishment Clause of the first amendment
Wisconsin v. Yoder (decision)
Compelling amish students to attend school past the eighth grade violate the Free Exercise Clause of the first amendment
Tinker v. Des Moines (decision)
Public school students have the right to wear black armbands in school to protest the Vietnam War because the first amendment protects symbolic speech
Schenck v. United States (decision)
Speech creating a "clear and present danger" is not protected by the first amendment
McDonald v. Chicago (decision)
The Second Amendment provided an individual right to bear arms; applies to the states along with the national government
Gideon v. Wainwright (decision)
State governments (along with the national government) must provide counsel [attorney] to poor defendants
Brown v. Board of Education (decision)
Race based school segregation violates the Equal Protection Clause of the 14th Amendment
McCulloch v. Maryland - background
Congress created a national bank but it was unclear if they had that power. Maryland taxed it for the purpose of killing the bank.
United States v. Lopez - background
Based on its authority to regulate interstate commerce, Congress passed a law to ban guns from schools.
Baker v. Carr - background
Many states had not redrawn the lines of their legislative districts (redistricting) for many decades even though cities had grown much larger. This resulted in the over representation of rural areas in state legislatures and Congress.
Shaw v. Reno - background
North Carolina used gerrymandering that separated voters for the purpose of securing an additional Congressional District that was majority black.
Citizens United v. FEC - background
Citizens United wanted to play an ad for their movie, "Hillary." The ad would have appeared on tv in the days prior to Hillary Clinton's primary election against Barack Obama, so the FEC denied permission to play the ad. This was based on the McCain-Feingold Law (Bipartisan Campaign Finance Reform Act) that banned ads by outside groups right before an election.
New York Times v. United States - background
The NY Times and Washington Post acquired secret documents (Pentagon Papers) that showed how the US Government was lying to the American People about its progress in the Vietnam War. President Nixon invoked "prior restraint" or censored the newspapers so they could not publish. Newspapers sued the president.
Marbury v. Madison - background
There was a dispute over Federalist judges receiving their nomination forms. A law allowed them to bring their lawsuit directly to the Supreme Court. Was this law constitutional?
Engel v. Vitale - background
Public schools in NY were starting their day with a short nonsectarian prayer. (It was not compulsory but it was a part of the school day.)
Wisconsin v. Yoder - background
Amish people in Wisconsin did not want their children to attend public school beyond 8th grade. Rather, they wanted to work on the farm and read the Bible. Wisconsin required they go to school until age 16.
Tinker v. Des Moines - background
High School students in Iowa wore black arm bands to protest the war in Vietnam. They were suspended by their principal.
Schenck v. United States - background
During WWI, a socialist distributed leaflets that claimed the military draft violated the 13th Amendment. He encouraged men to ignore the draft, which violated the Espionage Act so he was arrested. He claimed his freedom of speech was violated.
McDonald v. Chicago - background
Chicago passed a law against owning handguns to prevent violence. City residents sued, claiming they wanted to own handguns for home defense.
Gideon v. Wainwright - background
Clarence Earl Gideon was sentenced to prison in a trial where he did not have a lawyer. He asked for one because he was poor, but Florida did now allow for this.
Brown v. Board of Education - background
Schools were segregated under the principal of "Separate but equal" which was established in the case, "Plessy v. Ferguson."
Marbury v. Madison - clause
Article III & Judiciary Act of 1789
McCulloch v. Maryland - clause
necessary and proper clause and supremacy clause
Schenck v. United States - clause
First Amendment Free Speech & Espionage Act
Brown v. Board of Education - clause
Equal Protection Clause & Plessy v. Ferguson precedent
Baker v. Carr - clause
14th Amendment - Equal protection clause
Engel v. Vitale - clause
1st Amendment Establishment Clause
Gideon v. Wainwright - clause
6th amendment - right to counsel & due process clause
Tinker v. Des Moines - clause
1st Amendment, freedom of speech
Substantial disruption
NY Times v. US - clause
First Amendment - freedom of the press
Wisconsin v. Yoder - clause
1st Amendment Free Exercise Clause
Shaw v. Reno - clause
14th amendment equal protection clause & 15th amendment - right to vote
US v. Lopez - clause
Commerce Clause (Article 1, Section 8)
Citizens United v. FEC - clause
1st Amendment- Free Speech & Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act (BRCA)
McDonald v. City of Chicago
2nd Amendment