Chapter 1 - microbio

Microbiolgy

study of germs and micro-organisms

germ

something that can make us sic

micro-organisms

small/simple, normally singular cell.

microbiologist

a specialist in microbiology, they study bacteria/cells/viruses

virologist

viruses

mycologist

fungi

bacteriologist

a biologist who studies bacteria

epidermiologist

outbreaks of disease

immunologist

a medical scientist who specializes in immunology

Immune system

the ability of a host to resist disease and destroy these invaders

Some microbes do what?

Some microbes don't cause diseases, they live on our skin and sometimes help us.

good bacteria

prevent other organisms from making you sick

Chemotherapy

use of drugs to treat a disease can treat infectious diseases as well as cancer. they target cells that grow rapidly.

strep throat, chicken pox, measles

chemotherapy can also treat

Prokaryotes

do not have a nucleus, bacteria (archaea)

Archaea

looks like a bacteria but its not actually, because they are different in genetic level

Eukaryotes

have a nucleus,

algae

seaweed

fungi

mushrooms

protozoa

amoeba swimming around

amoeba

type of cell or unicellular organism which has the ability to alter its shape, primarily by extending and retracting pseudopods.

acellular microbes

the smallest microorganism with no typical cell structure and no enzymatic energy-production system

viruses

not considered cellular, some cases are very complicated

very small

viruses 20nm

very large

some protozoa 5mm

bacteria size

o.oo1 mm

why study microbiology

- Important members to environment
some produce oxygen (very little produce oxygen in our air)
fix nitrogen for use of plants.
- Important members on the food chain.
- Breakdown and recycle organic wastes.
- Used by industry to produce:
Beer, wine, pickles, cheese, etc.
Pharmaceuticals including antibiotics
- Genetically engineered to produce therapeutic substances:
Insulin

Role in human immunity - normal microbiota

what is microremediation

a biological degrading process for the treatment of contaminated soils, groundwaters and sediments, they rely on micro-organisms including bacteria or fungi to use contaminants as a food source, resulting degradation of the contaminant

bioremediatory

microorganisms used to perform the functions of bioremediation

Clostridium Bifermentans

a bacteria that is able to break down explosives

oil eating microbes

natural occurring microbes in the ocean feed on the hydrocarbons in oil. warm temps aids the reaction

Alcaligenes eutrophus

a bacterium capable of making plastics

Lactobacilli

secretes an acid to help break down things for example in chocolate it help break dow the pods

acetobacter

help ferment chocolate

alkalothermophilic thermomonospora

produce enzyme cellulase, which when mixed with a coarse denim cloth it reduces the hairiness and makes it softer and lighter

Insectecides

bacteria can act as this, it is used and studied as biocontrol agents to help control diseases in important crops the bacteria is help to kill these "viruses"

Robert Hooke (1665)

used a crude microscope to vie individual cells, and began the theory of cells, which is all living organisms are composed of cells, and that they live in chambers

Antoni van leeuwenhoek (1673)

lens grinder, built microscopes that could view living organisms, called them "animalcules"

Spontaneous generation

belief that some forms of life can arise from nonliving matter

biogenesis

living matter arises only from pre-existing living matter

louis pasteur p1

used swan-necked flask to disprove the theory of spontaneous generation also developed the principles of aseptic techniques

pasteur

air was responsible for turning sugars into alc, showed, yeast (fungi) convert sugar to alcohol using a process called: fermentation
IN the absence of oxygen - anaerobic
Souring then occurs when bacteria turn the alcohol into vinegar
His solution: Heating beer or wine after fermentation would kill bacteria and prevent spoilage - this process is called pasteurization.

lister

- Lister - flu or pathogen
- Also lister for Listerine mouthwash
- Used phenol to clean surgical instruments and treat surgical wounds
- Had 50% chance in surgery because no on sterilized the surgery stuff because of bacteria, instead they contaminated the wounds for surgery but Lister that killed the bacteria he said lets sterilize the tools and the surgery chance of survival hit the roof

Drastically reduced the incidence of surgical wounds infections - led to development of disinfectants and antiseptics.

robert koch

- Investedigated the cause of anthrax - lives in soil on cows
- Isolated bacteria from the blood of infected cows
• Showed that particuar bacterium was present in all cases of the disease
- He injected the bacterium into healthy cows
• Those cows contracted anthrax and died
- Re-isolated bacteria from the injected cows and showed that they were identical to his first sample
- Showed that a specific microbe was the cause of particular disease

Established a sequence of experiments steps tha could be used to find the causative agent of other disease - Kochs postulates

edward jenner

- Developed a vaccine to protect against the disease smallpox
- Observed that people who were previously sick with the mid disease cowpox (vaccinia) did not get sick with small pox
- He purposely inoculated a young boy with cowpox
• The boy became mildly ill

The boy recovered and became immune to small pox.

pasteur 3

- Bacterium that caused fowl cholera lost its ability to cause disease when grown in the lab for long periods of time
• Still able to induce immunity to fowl cholera when injected into healthy birds

Vaccination - purposeful exposure to a killed or weakened microbe in order to induce an immune response.

paul ehrlich

- Noticed that certain dyes stained bacteria differently than they stained animal cells
- Noticed that certain dyes stained bacteria differently than they stained animals cells.
- Proposed that a chemical might be found that would harm disease causing microbes without harming the host
• Selective toxicity ability of the drug to targets sites that are relative specific to the microorganism responsible for infection. Sometimes these sites are unique to the micro organisms or simple more essential to survival of the micro organism than to the host. 
• Was untreatable before 
- Eventually discovered salvarsan -  an arsenic derivative that could be used to treat syphilis 
• Beginning of chemotherapy 

NOT AN ANTIOBIOTIC

alexander fleming

- Noticed that mold inhibited bacterial growth on contaminated plates.
• Produced a natural compound called penicillin 

The first antibiotic - an antimicrobial chemical produced naturally by bacteria and fungi.

genus

capitalized and the general name

specific epithet

not capitilized, and the specific name

atom

smallest chemical unit of matter

elements

matter composed of one type of atom

molecule

two or more atoms combined

chemical bonds

form between atoms through interactions of electrons in their outer shells
The goal of every atom is to become chemically stable this is achieved by filling the outermost shell with electrons

ions

If an atom loses an electron it has an overall positive charge
If an atom gains an electron it has an overall negative charge
An atom or groups of an atom that has a positive or negative charge is called an ion.

ionic bond

a chemical bond in which one atom loses an electron to form a positive ion and the other atom gains an electron to form a negative ion. • Anions and cations can form ionic bonds to neutralize their charges
Attraction holds the ions together to form a compound (ex: NaCl)

anion

a negatively charged ion

cation

a positively charged ion

covalent bond

a chemical bond that involves sharing a pair of electrons between atoms in a molecule

hydrogen bond

- Occurs between covalently bonded molecules that display polarity
- Ex: when hydrogens are bonded to oxygen, the larger oxygen atom tends t pull the electrons closer to itself.
• Creates a region with partial negative charge(O)
• And a region with partial positive charge (H)
Ex. That water molecule H2O
• These regions can now participate in hydrogen bonding
• POLAR MOLECULES
- Lose attraction between oppositely charged regions of different molecules
- Weaker than ionic and covalent bonds
- Serve to bridge separate molecules together
Ex: in water h20 the H's of one molecule are attracted to the O's of other molecules

water

an unequal charge distribution, 4 hydrogen bonds can form , which gives water its unique properties

Organic molecules

molecules that contain both carbon and hydrogen, carbon can be used to build an enormous variety of compounds.