Chem 40A Midterm 1

alkane

single bond

alkene

double bond

Alkyne

triple bond

Alcohol

R-OH

Amine

R-NH2

alkyl halides

organic compounds in which one or more halogen atoms- fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine- are substituted for one or more hydrogen atoms in a hydrocarbon

ether

C-O-C

Ketone

2 carbons attached to the C of the C=O

Aldehyde

at least 1 H attached to the C of the C=O

Aromatic groups/Arene

ring

carboxylic acid

R-COOH

amide

R-CONH2

thiol

R-SH

Propyl

3 Carbons

Isopropyl

1-methylethyl

butyl

4 carbons

isobutyl

2-methylpropyl

sec-butyl

1-methylpropyl

tert-butyl

1,1-dimethylethyl

phenyl

benzene as a substituent

-al

double bonded O with an H

-ol

alcohol/OH

-ene

double bond

-one

double bonded O

-oic

double bonded O with an OH

-oate

double bonded O with an O

sp3 hybridization

4 connections/tetrahedral/109.5

sp2 hybridization

3 connections/trigonal planar/120

sp hybridization

2 conections/linear/180

lipids

long structure

Carbohydrates

ring w/o N

amino acids and proteins

contains N,O,C,H

nucleic acids (DNA and RNA)

has to have phosphorus/nucleotide base have nitrogen rings

Huckels Rule

4n+2=x

staggered conformation

more stable
less energy

eclipsed conformation

less stable
more energy

Angle for eclipse

0

Anti angle for staggered

180

gauche angle for staggered

60

chair conformation

most stable conformation of cyclohexane

boat conformation

high energy
less stable conformation of cyclohexane

Envelope conformation

most stable conformation of cyclopentane

cyclobutane

C4H8
Square

cyclopropane

triangle

Enantionmers

isomers that are mirror images of each other and non-superimposable
"these two molecules are enantiomers of each other"

diastereomers

stereoisomers that are not mirror images and non-superimposable

stereocenter

sp3 atoms that have 4 chemically inequivalent substituents

achiral

A molecule that is superimposable/have a plane of symmetry on its mirror image
optically inactive

Stereisomers

structures that have the same MF, same connectivity of atoms, but different spatial geometry

Chiral

a molecule that is not superimposable on its mirror image
"this molecule is chiral"
optically active

trans

ex: one H is above the ring and one is below

cis

ex: both H's are above the ring or both H's are below the ring

axial

equatorial

diaxial interactions

interactions between groups in parallel axial positions on the same side of a chair conformation of a cyclohexane ring

dashes

away from you
down in chair

wedges

coming at you
up in chair

-yne

triple bond

-ane

single bond

propane

butane

methane

ethane

cyclohexene

meso

A compound with 2 or more stereocenters centers and an internal plane of symmetry
optically inactive

R

priorities based on atomic number (1,2,3,4) go clockwise

S

priorities based on atomic number (1,2,3,4) go counterclockwise

conformers

due to bond rotation

E

highest priorities based on atomic number are on opposite sides in an alkene

Z

highest priorities based on atomic number are on opposite sides in an alkene