LESSON 2 - CONTRIBUTIONS OF OTHER PSYCHOLOGISTS TO HUMAN DEVELOPMENT

Jean Piaget

Based on his studies considers the active role of an individual as an important factor in human development.. Education is an important element.

His theory  of cognitive development tries to explain how a child understands the world:

• how he/she thinks

•   how he/she reasons out

•   how he/she remembers

•   how he/she solves problems

Stages of Cognitive Development

Sensorimotor

Preoperational

Concrete Operational

Formal Operational

Sensorimotor

• (birth to 2 years old)

• children learn object permanence, which is the understanding that people and objects still exist even when they’re out of view.

• the child responds to people and things through reflex movements like sucking or grasping.

• The child should begin to form mental images toward the latter part of this stage.

Preoperational

• (2-7 years old)

• children develop symbolic thought, which is when they begin to progress from concrete to abstract thinking.

• Children in this stage often have imaginary friends.

Concrete Operational Stage

• (7-11 years old)

• children solidify their abstract thinking and begin to understand cause and effect and logical implications of actions, be more logical and able to perform simple operations

• less egocentric and more other-centered

Formal Operational Stage

• (Starts to emerge between 11 to 15 years)

• humans plan for the future, think hypothetically, and assume adult responsibilities

Sigmund Freud

• popular psychologist whose theory of development and personality sparked great interest as well as controversy, due to his biological orientation that focuses on the psychosexual development of an individual.

• believed that early experiences are very important in human development.

• He considered instincts as the main source of life energy that finds its way in different parts of the body called erogenous zones.

Stages of Pyschosexual Development

Oral Stage

Anal Stage

Phallis Stage

Latency Stage

Genital Stage

Oral Stage

• First Year of Life

• pleasure through mouth; eating, sucking, mouthing, chewing, and biting

• Fixation can lead to overeating, smoking, drinking, nail-biting, gossiping, and cursing.

Anal Stage

• Second to fourth Year

• pleasure to release tension through anus: eliminating and retaining feces and toilet training

• Anal Retentive [Cleanliness] or Anal Expulsive [Generousity]

Phallis Stage

• fourth to Sixth Year

• Pleasure through genitals

• The child starts to recognize what it means be a boy or a girl

Obedipus Complex

Attachment of boy to his mom

Elektra Complex

Attachment of girl to her dad

Latency Stage

• Seventh Year Onward

• Resolving fixations or conflicts in previous stages

Genital Stage

• Twelveth Year

• Sex role Identity formation

• Sexual interest is awakened.

Lawrence Kholberg

• studied how children understand what is   

         right or wrong

•   He recognized  the role of cognitive ability in developing

         moral reasoning of children.

Levels of Morality

Preconventional

Conventional

Postconventional

Preconventional level

• recognition of authourity who gives punishment or reward

• stage 1: Punishment/Obedience Orientation

• Stage 2: Mutual Benefit

Conventional level

• Understanding there are rules to follow and to be accepted and to maintain order

• Stage 3: Social Approval, Good boy-Good girl orientation

• Stage 4: Authority Orientation, Law and Order

PostConventional Level

• flexibility in accepting rules, individual may/may not follow rules due to their own personal ethics

• Stage 5: Social Contract Orientation

• Stage 6: Universal Ethical Principles

Punishment/Obedience Orientation

• Preconventional, Stage 1

• Deciding what is right or wrong is based on what action is punishment. The child obeys to avoid punishment

Mutual Benefit/Reward Orientation

• Preconventional, Stage 2

• Deciding what is right or wrong is based on what is rewarded.

Social Approval/Good boy-Good girl Orientation

• Conventional, Stage 3

• Deciding what is right or wrong is based on what other approve or disapprove of

Law and Order / Authority Orientation

• Conventional, Stage 4

• Deciding what is right or wrong is based on the rules that should be followed.

Social Contruct Orientation

• PostConventional, Stage 5

• Deciding what is right or wrong is based on laws; however, one recognizes that they can change. An individual acts based on what will be good for the majority.

Universal Ethical Principles

• Preconventional, Stage 6

• Deciding what is right or wrong is based in universal principles. One looks into one’s conscience, pursues justice and seeks equality at all cost