Science: Chemistry 10 Study Guide Quiz

WHMIS

A Canadian system for classifying and labelling hazardous workplace materials

it provides standardized symbols

labels

WHMIS symbols

Pictograms that visually show the type of hazard a substance poses (for example

MSDS or SDS

Safety Data Sheet that gives detailed information about a chemical (hazards

Classroom safety rule

A guideline that helps prevent accidents in the lab

Household hazard symbols

Warning symbols found on consumer products (like cleaners or fuels) that indicate dangers such as flammable

Physical change

A change in which the substance’s form or state changes but the chemical identity stays the same (for example

Chemical change

A change where a new substance is formed with different properties from the original substances (for example

Exothermic reaction

A reaction that releases energy

Endothermic reaction

A reaction that absorbs energy from the surroundings so the surroundings feel colder.

Indicators of chemical change

Signs such as colour change

Factor that affects reaction rate

Any condition that changes how quickly a reaction happens

Periodic table: period

A horizontal row of elements on the periodic table

elements in the same period have the same number of electron shells.

Periodic table: group or family

A vertical column of elements that have similar chemical properties and often the same number of valence electrons.

Metals vs non-metals

Metals are typically shiny

non-metals are often dull

brittle (if solid)

Proton

A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom

the number of protons equals the atomic number of the element.

Neutron

A neutral particle in the nucleus

the number of neutrons is the atomic mass (rounded) minus the atomic number.

Electron

A negatively charged particle that orbits the nucleus

in a neutral atom

the number of electrons equals the number of protons.

Molecular mass

The total mass of a molecule found by multiplying each element’s atomic mass by the number of its atoms in the formula and adding the results

Ionic compound

A compound formed when a metal transfers electrons to a non-metal

Molecular (covalent) compound

A compound where non-metal atoms share electrons

Naming ionic compounds

Write the metal (cation) name first and the non-metal (anion) name second with its ending changed to “-ide” (for example

Transition metal ionic name

For an ionic compound with a transition metal

Naming molecular compounds

Use Greek prefixes (mono

Chemical formula for ionic compound

Use the charges of the ions to determine the ratio of metal to non-metal so that the total positive and negative charges balance to zero.

Chemical formula for molecular compound

Use the Greek prefixes in the name to write subscripts that show how many atoms of each non-metal are in the molecule.

Law of Conservation of Mass

In a chemical reaction

the total mass of reactants equals the total mass of products.

Balancing chemical equations

Adjust the coefficients in front of formulas so that the number of atoms of each element is the same on both sides of the equation.

Acid

A substance that produces hydrogen ions in solution

Base

A substance that produces hydroxide ions in solution

pH scale

A scale from 0 to 14 that measures how acidic or basic a solution is

lower values are more acidic

7 is neutral

Neutralization

A reaction between an acid and a base that produces water and a salt and moves the pH closer to neutral.