Exam 2 SLHS

Describe the role of articulation system for speech production

• has lots of anatomical and physiological systems

• gives us sound contrasts

• gives sound quality

• many different systems

• all supraglottal (area above vocal cords)

• helps create variety of sounds

Describe the types of movements that the temporomandibular joints are responsible for

• connects temporal bone to mandible

• 3 ligaments form the joint (temp, styro, spheno)

• mvmt w occlusion, lowering, moving forward, and lateral movement

What is the oral cavity?

• anterior to the pharyngeal cavity

• superior to the tongue

• posterior to the lips

• primary resonant space for speech production

What is the tongue?

• bundles of muscles and tissue

• contains intrinsic and extrinsic muscles

• muscular activity allows for wide range of movements

What are instrinsic muscles?

• vertical muscle, flattens the tongue

• inferior longitudinal pulls the tongue tip downward

• transverse (narrows and elongates the tongue)

• superior longitudinal (shortens the tongue and makes it bunch in the back)

What are extrinsic muscles?

• palatoglossus (draws tongue up and back)

• styloglossus (draws tongue up and back)

• hyoglossus (draws tongue down and back)

• genioglossus ( can move tongue forward, backward, and downward)

Name identify and describe the maxilla

a paired, pyramidal-shaped bone forming the center of the face, the roof of the mouth (hard palate), the floor of the eye socket (orbit), and the sides of the nose.

its also a part of ur skull

teeth

Vital part of the speech and mastication mechanism
– Located within the alveoli of the maxillae and mandible
– Have roots and crowns
– Exposed tooth surface covered with enamel that overlies
ivory of the tooth

mandible

 The largest, strongest, and only movable bone in the human skull, forming the lower jaw and housing the lower teeth. Shaped like a U or horseshoe, it connects to the skull at the bilateral temporomandibular joints (TMJ), enabling essential functions like chewing, speaking, and breathing.

Risorius muscle

responsible for spreading the lips

orbicularis oris muscle

responsible for rounding the lips

frontal bone

Vertical muscle

flattens the tongue

Inferior longitudinal

pulls the tongue tip downward

superior longitudinal

shortens the tongue and makes it bunch in the back

transverse

narrows and elongates the tongue

palatoglossus

draws tongue up and back

styloglossus

draws tongue up and back

hyoglossus

draws tongue down and back

genioglossus

can move tongue forward, backward, and downward

zygomatic bone

a paired diamond-shaped facial bone forming the cheek prominence, part of the lateral orbital wall, and the floor of the eye socket

nasal bone

two small, paired, oblong bones located in the upper-middle face that join to form the bridge of the nose, separating the nasal cavity from the outside

epicranial muscle

raises forehead and pulls scalp backward

Corrugator supercilli

draws eyebrows medially frowning

risorius muscle

smile widely

mentalis muscle

a paired, central muscle on the lower jaw that originates from the mandible and inserts directly into the skin of the chin, acting as the primary elevator of the lower lip and the "pouting" muscle (raises chin and protrudes lower lip)

buccinator

moves bolus of food

orbicularis oculi

a sphincter muscle surrounding the eye, crucial for closing the eyelids, blinking, winking, and squinting (closes eye)

levator labii superioris

a facial muscle of the oral group, originating at the infraorbital margin and inserting into the upper lip (raises upper lip)

depressor labii inferioris

a small, quadrilateral facial muscle located on the chin, originating on the mandible and inserting into the lower lip (lowers lower lip)

depressor anguli oris

a paired facial muscle located on the lower chin/cheek, essential for facial expression (lowers angle of mouth)

orbicularis oris

closes or purses lips

temporal bone

a paired, complex bone located at the sides and base of the skull, protecting the brain's temporal lobe and housing essential structures for hearing and balance.

What is the physiology of the pharynx?

tube of tendon and muscle, extends from the base of the skull to the end of the cervical vertebrae

upper end is solely connective tissue

lower end is solely muscular

widest at the top and narrows toward bottom

The pharynx is divided into what 3 general regions?

Nasopharynx, ooropharynx, and larygnopharynx

What specific muscles do the pharynx consist of?

Hard Palate

Velum

Tonsils

Back Wall of ooropharynxthe oropharynx

anterior and posterior faucial pillars

What is the Velum?

Hanging flap

consists of soft palate and the uvula

located in the back of the throat

What is the content of the nasal cavities?

have complex formations of passages and cavities

have 3 shell like structures: superior, middle, and inferior concha

what are the 6 muscles that influence the cross section of the pharynx?

superior, middle, and inferior constrictors

palatopharyngeus

stylopharyngeus

salpingopharyngeus

superior, inferior, and middle constrictors

constrict!

Salpingopharyngeus

pulls the lateral
walls upward and inward; narrows

Stylopharyngeus

pulls upward and
towards the side; widens

Palatopharyngeus

pulls walls inward;
narrows

5 muscles that influence position and
configuration of the velum

Palatal levator
Palatal tensor
Uvulus
Glossopalatine
Pharyngopalatine

Palatal levator

lifts velum up and back

Palatal tensor

pulls velum toward the
side

Uvulus

shortens and lifts, increases
thickness

Glossopalatine

pulls down and forward

Pharyngopalatine

pulls down and back

How do the muscles of the pharynx influence movement?

is a highly mobile tube, capable
of lengthening and shortening as well as
moving inward and outward

How do the muscles of the velum affect movement?

Velum movement limited to up/back and
down/forward path
Velum changes shape when it moves!

What is the importance of Velopharyngeal (VP) Function in Speech?

controls airflow between the oral cavity (mouth) and nasal cavity (nose). It determines whether sound and air exit through the mouth, nose, or both—so it’s essential for speech clarity and sound production.

what happens when vp closes?

• The soft palate (velum) elevates and closes off the nasal cavity

• Air is directed only through the oral cavity

• allows pressure to be built up
  for the production of some consonants
  (including stops)

what happens when vp opens?

• The velum lowers, opening the nasal cavity

• Air flows through the nose

what are some clinical considerations for speech disorders?

laryngneal function (how voice box works)

velopharyngeal function (control airlfow btw nose and mouth)

measurement (how to test)

typical pathology (what can go wrong)

what are some larnygeal disorders?

Laryngeal trauma (e.g., intubation)
Neuromotor disorders
TBI
Parkinson disease
ALS
stroke

how to measure velopharyngeal function?

direct visualization

X-Ray imaging

Acoustic Observations

Direct visualization

Can observe outer nose, nasal cavities,
velum, posterior wall, and lateral
pharyngeal walls

X-Ray

Limited to bone (?)
• Microbeam system
• More difficult to utilize than other
measurement protocols

Acoustic Observations

Marked characteristics of nasal emission
in the acoustic speech signal

what is nasalance?

ratio of nasal to oral signal strength

How to measure nasalance?

a baffle between the nose and mouth separates nasal from
oral airflows
• Microphones placed on both sides of baffle
• Ratio of nasal to oral signal strength = nasalance
• Correlates with perceived nasality in speech

Mirror under the nose
• Subject produces stop consonants
• Look for air on the mirror

“mirror under the nose technique,” know what it
measures, and be able to identify strengths and weaknesses of this technique

A technique where a subject produces stop consonants while a mirror is held under the nares; it measures nasal emission of air. A strength is its simplicity, but it provides only a basic qualitative indicator of airflow. 

What are some Velopharyngeal (VP) disorders?

• range of severity that reflects VP control

• there are functional and also organic disorders

Functional disorders

phoneme-specific
nasal emission, some apraxias, more
general oral motor issues

Organic disorders

cleft palate, surgical
removal of adenoids, large pharynx

What is the cleft palate?

Structural damage to the hard palate, soft palate, lips, or a combination, occurring during embryological development. Impairment to the VP mechanism leads to hypernasality and problems maintaining oral pressure for consonants like stops and fricatives.

Hard Palate

anterior 2/3

• Stationary
  • Purpose is to separate the oral and
  nasal cavities

• premaxillary bone

• maxillary bone

• palatine bone

What happens during the cleft palate?

• Occurs due to damage during
  embryological development of the face
  and the palate
  • Occurs when the fusion process
  between the maxillary processes and
  fontal/nasal processes are interrupted
  • Can be unilateral or bilateral
  • Can be complete or incomplete

What can it be caused by?

• Genetic factors (over 400 different
  genetic syndromes)
  • Chromosomal aberrations
  • Environmental toxins
  • Mechanically induced abnormalities
  (e.g., mother’s anatomy)

How can cleft palate present as?

• Hyper-nasality, due to VPI
• Too much nasal resonance, not enough
oral resonance
• Problems with oral pressure (i.e., nasal
emission during consonant production)

• Sounds commonly affected include
  stops, affricates, fricatives
  • Compensatory articulation errors
  pervade the phonetic inventory (e.g.,
  glottal stops)

When do u use endoscopy for cleft palate?

To confirm that an articulation disorder is caused by a structural problem (etiology), clinicians must directly examine the speech structures. In cases like cleft palate, this often involves endoscopy to visualize velopharyngeal function.

What is the proper definition for articulation?

• process of joining 2 elements together

• Process of bringing two or more moveable speech
  structures together to form the sounds of speech

Structures used to produce sounds of speech

can be a SOURCE and a FILTER

What are some mobile structures?

Tongue, lips, pharynx, mandible, velum

Immobile structures?

Teeth, hard palate, alveolar ridge

What is the source filter theory of vowel production?

Describes how oral cavity shapes speech
– States that a voicing source is generated by vocal folds,
routed through vocal tract, and then shaped into sounds of
speech

What is the vocal tract?

oral cavity, pharynx,
and nasal cavity

Vocal tract purpose?

linkage provides the variable resonating
cavity that produces sound
! Can be used to FILTER sound from the larynx
as well as to generate sound SOURCE
! Source-filter theory depends on cavities of the
vocal tract to shape the speech sound

Articulation depends on 3 important systems

Lips, tongue, velum

articulation system of tongue

Occupies floor of the mouth
– Can act as an organ of expression
– Movement depends on its own musculature
– Contains taste buds to convey different tastes
! Taste buds located in papillae on tongue

articulation system for lips

Movement for speech depends on muscles of face
! Important in both facial expression and speech
! Richly invested with vascular supply

articulation system of Velum

elevate structure to completely separate
oral and nasal areas
– Muscles are elevated during most speaking time and when
swallowing
– Muscles depressed only when using a few speech sounds
in English

What are the 4 primary activators in speech?

1. The lips
2.The lower jaw (mandible)
3.The tongue
4.The velum

separate sets of muscles control each activator

rest of organs are passive

what is the articulatory speed for the tongue tip, Mandible, Back of tongue, Velum, and Lips?

Tongue tip is the highest!! 7.2 - 9.6 movements per second

5.9-8.4

5.4- 8.9

5.2-7.8

5.7-7.7