Motor Behavior - Module 1

Chapters 1-3

_____ _____ are activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to achieve an action goal

motor skills

motor skills are activities or tasks that require _____ _____ over movements of the joints are body segments to achieve an action goal

voluntary control

motor skills are activities or tasks that require voluntary control over movements of the joints and body segments to ______ _____

achieve an action goal

requirements for motor skills

• learned

• skills or actions

• individual capacity to learn and perform

_____ _____ is the acquisition of motor skills

motor learning

motor learning is the _____ of motor skills

acquisition

another word for learning

acquisition

requirements for motor learning

• relatively permanent changes

• performance enhancement

• skill reacquisition

____ _____ focuses on how the neuromuscular system functions to activate and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill

motor control

motor control focuses on how the neuromuscular system functions to _____ and coordinate the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of a motor skill

activate

motor control focuses on how the neuromuscular system functions to activate and _____ the muscles and limbs involved in the performance of motor skill

coordinate

motor control stages of performance

• learning a new skill

• performance a well-known skill

• elite level performance

_____ _____ is the study of changes in motor skills across the lifespan, and the processes that cause these changes

motor development

motor development is the study of _____ in motor skills across the lifespan, and the processes that cause these changes

changes

motor development is a _____ process

lifelong

_____ are specific patterns of motion among joints and body segments

movements

movements are specific _____ _____ among joints and body segments

patterns of motion

____ ____ are the mechanisms within the nervous and muscular systems that underlie the control of movements and actions

neuromotor processes

neuromotor processes are the _____ within the nervous and muscular systems that underlie the control of movements and actions

mechanisms

neuromotor processes are the mechanisms within the nervous and muscular system that underlie the _____ of movements and actions

control

what types of movements are present in neuromotor processes

• many-to-one

• one-to-many

actions, movements, and neuromotor processes represent the order in which motor control and learning are _____

prioritized

in what order are motor control and learning prioritized?

• action goal

• movement variety

• refining processes

not all people can accomplish the action goal with the same movement patterns - why?

individual capacity

why classify motor skills?

• provides basis for identifying similarities and differences among skills

• identify demands

• principles of performance and learning

_____ of primary musculature required

size

what type of motor skills are part of the one dimension classification system?

• gross motor skills

• fine motor skills

fine motor skills involve _____ coordination

hand-eye

specificity of where movement of a skill

begins or ends

types of motor skills - one dimension - begins or ends

• discrete motor skills

• continuous motor skills

• serial motor skills

_____ _____ is the physical location/setting in which a skill is performed

environmental context

environmental context is the _____ location/setting in which a skill is performed

physical

what are you always looking for when talking about environmental context

• supporting surfaces

• objects involved

• other people or animals

environmental context motor skills include:

• closed motor skills

• open motor skills

criteria analyzed to determine “skill”

• consistency in achieving the action

• adaptability

• degree of efficiency

what are the types of constraints used in motor skill performance?

• individual

• environmental

• task constraints

constraints are either _____ or limit movement

facilitate

constraints either facilitate or _____ movement

limit

gentile’s two-dimensional taxonomy

• environmental context

• function of the action

• regulatory conditions

  • movements must contain to achieve goal - spatial/temporal and force needed

  • stationary in-motion

• inter-trial variability

environmental context

• body stability vs. transport

• object manipulation

function of the action

evaluate a learner's movement _____ and limitations

capabilities

evaluate a learner’s movement capabilities and _____

limitations

motor skill acquisition _____

progression

_____ tracking

progress

one of the reasons why we classify motor skills is to help identifying demands that different skills place on the learner

true

when your neuromuscular system coordinates specific muscles and limbs needed to learn or perform a motor skill; that is termed _____

motor control

writing your name is an example of a _____ motor skill

• fine

• serial

• closed

motor development is the study of motor behavior across the lifespan

true

motor skills are genetic and develop at the right time

false

movements are goal-oriented

false

the term “motor skill” is used to describe an activity or task that has

a specific purpose or action to achieve

what are the 3 one-dimensional motor skill classification systems?

• size of primary musculature required

• stability of environmental context

• specificity of where actions begin and end

performance production measures:

• movements leading to the observed outcome

• how the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems function during a motor skill performance

reaction time (RT) is an indication of speed

true

three descriptors for kinetic measures are: velocity, acceleration, and displacement

false

which reaction time is when the situation involves more than one signal, and each signal requires its own specific response?

choice RT

reaction time (RT) and movement time (MT) are independent measures. performance success on one, does not equate performance success on another

true

the indicator of accuracy is

error

how would you assess error for two dimensional movement goals?

calculate radial error

kinetics study the role of force as a cause of motion

true

why do we study the measurement of motor performance?

essential for performance assessment

types of performance assessment

• standardized

• normative data

  • validity, sensitivity, ecological validity

• reliability

• repeatability

• consistency

validity

• atypical development

sensitivity

• real-life

ecological validity

two categories for performance observation

• performance _____ measures

• performance _____ measures

• outcome

• production

performance outcome measures

indicate the outcome or a result of performing a motor skill

performance production measures

• indicate how the nervous, muscular, and skeletal systems function during performance of a motor skill (EMG, EEG)

• movements that led to the observed outcome

common measurement indicating how long it takes a person to prepare and initiate a movement

reaction time (rt)

reaction time

time to movement initiation (no movement)

movement time

from movement initiation through termination

when RT is low, initiation is

high

when RT is high, initiation is

low

response time is

RT + MT

when MT is high, MS is

low

when MT is low, MS is

high

3 RT situations

• choice

• simple

• discriminatory

during reaction time, there is no

observable movement

RT measures speed of movement _____

initiation

RT determines environmental cues used to plan and _____ action

execute

RT is how effectively can a person _____ and time the initiation of required actions

predict

EMG recordings indicate increased muscle activity _____ stimulus signal and _____ visible movement

after; before

1 stimulus and 1 response

simple RT

multiple stimulus and each stimulus has their own response

choice RT

multiple stimuli and only one stimuli has a response

discrimination RT

speed and accuracy: indicator of accuracy is _____

error

the amount of error made during a skill can be used to _____ performance when accuracy is the primary goal

evaluate

spatial errors

involving space dimensions is distance

temporal errors

involving time dimensions

movement magnitude errors

joint angle

secondary task performance errors

earing and driving at the same time

absolute error (AE): the absolute distance between the _____ performance on each trial and the criterion for each trial

actual

? = goal - actual performance

AE

? = performance bias

CE

? = consistency or variability

VE

constant error (CE): signed (+/-) deviation from the _____ (gives direction)

target criterion

variable error (VE): the standard deviation of the CE scores for the series of repetitions - performance _____

consistency/variability

radial error: _____ accuracy measure for the two-dimensional situation (x&y)

general

radial error: calculate _____ to find radial error

hypotenuse