Studied by 2 people
kinetic energy
the energy of motion
potential energy
stores energy
chemical energy
a form of potential energy held in the chemical bonds between pairs of atoms in a molecule
metabolic pathway
a series of chemical reactions that build or break down molecules in cells
ATP
made up of the base adenine and the 5-carbon sugar ribose; ribose is attached to triphosphate (three phosphate groups)
first law of thermodynamics
The law of conservation of energy, which states that energy can be neither created nor destroyed; it can only be transformed from one form into another
entropy
the amount of disorder, or the number of possible positions and motions of molecules, in a system
second law of thermodynamics
the principle that the transformation of energy is associated with an increase in the degree of disorder in the universe
chemical reaction
the process by which molecules, called reactants, are transformed into other molecules, called products
gibbs free energy
the amount of energy available to do work
endergonic
reactions with a positive ∆G that are not spontaneous and so require an input of energy
exergonic
reactions with a negative ∆G that proceed spontaneously and release energy
energetic coupling
the driving of a non-spontaneous (unforced) reaction by a spontaneous reaction
catabolism
the set of chemical reactions that break down molecules into smaller units and, in the process, produce ATP to meet the energy needs of the cell
anabolism
the set of chemical reactions that builds molecules from smaller units and requires an input of energy, usually in the form of ATP; anabolic reactions result in net energy storage within cells and the organism
catalysts
substances that increase the rate of chemical reactions; emerges from the process unaltered
transition state
the brief time in a chemical reaction in which chemical bonds in the reactants are broken and new bonds in the product are formed
activation energy
the energy input necessary to reach the transition state
substrate
a molecule acted upon by an enzyme; also called a reactant
active site
the portion of an enzyme that binds substrate and converts it to product
enzyme
a biological catalyst that are proteins which increase the rate of chemical reactions in cells
catabolic reaction
where one molecule is broken up into two
anabolic reaction
where two molecules are joined into one
lock and key model
the substrate and enzyme fit together like a key fits into a lock
induced fit
the enzyme molds itself to some extent to fit the substrate, similar to the way that a glove molds itself to fit your hand
optimal temperature for enzymes
the temperature at which the enzyme is most active; lower temperatures reduce enzyme activity b/c of lower kinetic energy
denature
unfolds, as a protein; a protein that unfolds loses its function, as the shape of a protein is closely connected to its function
optimal pH for enzymes
the pH where an enzyme is most active; ph affects how the enzyme folds because it impacts the charges of the amino acids of an enzyme; pH also affects the charges of the amino acids that make up the active site of the enzyme; low pH = high concentration of protons, high pH = low concentration of protons
activators
increase the activity of enzymes
inhibitors
decrease the activity of enzymes
competitive inhibition
inhibitor competes with the substrate for binding to the active site
non-competitive inhibitors
inhibitors that bind to a site which is different from the active site; doesn’t block substrate from binding, but they change the shape of the enzyme and block the conversion of substrate to product
allosteric site
a site other than the active site of the enzyme
allosteric inhibitor
an inhibitor that binds to a site other than the active site
Note
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