Licensure Test

101. America has been called the most diverse country on the face of our planet. Counseling a client from a different social and/or cultural background is known as

cross-cultural, multicultural, intercultural counseling

Culture

shared beliefs, values, customs

It encompasses language, religion, traditions, norms, and worldviews

Race

social construct, physical characteristics

Probable outcome in a case is called

prognosis

When a counselor speaks of what he or she believes must transpire from a psychotherapeutic standpoint, he or she technically is referring to

recommendations.

Culture is considered ____

normative (normal)

Mores regard _____

right and wrong behavior

Culture is defined primarily via ____ and ____

norms

values

Cultures operate within ____

Societies

Society is a ____group

independent

*occupies a definitive territory

Cognitive dissonance research may deal with

cognition

attitude formation

The emic approach views behavior from

inside the culture

The emic approach emphasizes

individualism

norms, values, and practices

The etic view emphasizes

sameness

The etic approach looks at behavior from

outside the culture

applying universal standards or theories

objective

*EXAMPLE: Starbucks doesn’t change menu depending on country.

The “autoplastic” view asserts that change comes from

the self

*ME, I drive the car.”

The “alloplastic” attempts to

change the environment

external circumstances

Who created the Transtheoretical Model (TTM)?

Prochaska & DiClemente

What are the 6 Stages of Change in the Transtheoretical Model?

1. Pre-contemplation

2. Contemplation

3. Preparation

4. Action

5. Maintenance

6. Termination

What is pre-contemplation?

client doesn’t recognize problem

no intention to change

What is contemplation?

Aware problem exists but ambivalent

Considering change but not ready to act

What is preparation?

take action in the immediate future (within the next month)

small steps and clear plan

What is action in the Transtheoretical Model?

Actively modifying behavior

Commitment, time, and energy

What is maintenance in the Transtheoretical Model

Sustaining change and preventing relapse

Lasts 6 months+

Building new habits

What is Termination in the Transtheortical Model

new behavior is fully integrated

Person no longer at risk of relapse

La belle indifference means

clients do not seem bothered by their condition

What is a Conversion Disorder

psychological condition

neurological symptoms that cannot be explained

What is the key difference between Bipolar I and Bipolar II disorders?

Biplolar I

• AT LEAST ONE manic episode

*Depression NOT required

Biplolar II

• hypomanic episodes (no FULL manic episodes)

• AT LEAST ONE major depressive episode

*Depression IS required

What are the core features of Major Depressive Disorder?

At LEAST 2 weeks

• Depressed mood / loss of interest

AT LEAST 4 symptoms

• sleep

• appetite

• energy

• concentration

• worthlessness

• suicidal ideation

Symptoms cause significant stress or impairment

What defines Somatic Symptom Disorder?

One or more somatic symptoms that disrupts daily life.

Excessive anxiety about behaviors related to symptoms

May or may not have medical explanation but focus on psychological stress

How is Factitious Disorder characterized?

Assume sick role for psych needs NOT for external incentives

Deceptive behavior without obvious reward

Create, pretend or exaggerate physical or psych symptoms

What are the hallmark traits of Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD)?

• Instability in relationships, self-image, and affect.

• Fear of abandonment.

• Impulsive and self-destructive behaviors (e.g., self-harm).

• Chronic feelings of emptiness and emotional dysregulation.

Personalism in the context of multicultural counseling means…

all people must adjust to environment and geological demands

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

Physical

Safety

Love + Belonging

Esteem

Self-Actualization

PSL ES

What is the minimum duration for a manic episode according to the DSM-5?

At least 1 week

What is the minimum duration for a hypomanic episode according to the DSM-5?

At least 4 consecutive days.

Which episode type can cause marked impairment in social or occupational functioning — mania or hypomania?

Mania.

Which episode type requires hospitalization or may include psychotic features?

Mania

What is the main difference in functional impact between mania and hypomania?

-Mania significantly disrupts functioning or requires hospitalization.

-Hypomania does not cause marked impairment

Memory trick — Mania vs. Hypomania

Mania = Mountain (big, dangerous, may need rescue)

Hypomania = Hill (noticeable, smaller, no rescue needed)

Kübler-Ross’s 5 Stages of Grief

DAB-DA

1. Denial

2. Anger

3. Bargaining

4. Depression

5. Acceptance

*NOT linear

How might cultural norms differ from group norms?

Adapting to GROUP norms may take adjustment relative to CULTURAL norms.

Research supports the use of ________ interest inventories even among culturally diverse participants.

traditional

How often should assessments be used?

Continuously throughout treatment

How might a personal heirarchy be useful in systematic desensitization?

By providing individually-defined stages.

*used in classical conditioning

What is the main reason for failures in co-leadership of groups?

Failures in collaborations

What subgroups of disabled persons is the most unemployed?

Psychiatric disability

What should counselors do who suspect their client is a victim of illegal discrimination?

Help client make a decision about reporting.

When would one use the "unspecified disorder" designation when diagnosing?

When the full criteria are not met for a specific diagnosis.

Which of the following does psychodynamic group workaddress the most?

insight

*unconscious motivations

What is a commonsense or “folk” approach to personality testing?

California Psychological Inventory

The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI) is an extensive questionnaire meant to establish _______.

Personality diagnosis

The Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16 PF) is a more _____ personality assessment.

statistical

What does it mean to say that phenomenon is ego-syntonic?

it is at harmony with the ego

*example: Sharpay is okay with her bossiness because it makes her better at giving directions as an actor.

What are the core pholosophies of the counseling profession?

• Progressivism (reliance on data and research for truth) - Drakken

• Essentialism (humans are rational by nature) - Mosby

• Postmodernism (focus on personal reality) - London Tipton

• Existentialism (focus on life’s meaning) - Raven

*P.e.p.e’s counseling profession philosophies.

What is the purpose of Super's Career Development Inventory?

To determine the level of career maturity.

What is differential item functioning (DIF)?

A way of evaluating item bias and preventing systematic error.

In general, how long are written materials such as research protected by copyright? 

50 years after death

What does Kegan believe about the evolution of self?

Being human involves mean making.

Who created the developmental theory?

Kegan

Do clients lose control of their information when they die?

Depends on state jursdiction