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Erie Canal
waterway in New York that is part of the east-west, cross-state route of the New York State Canal System. Originally, it ran about 363 miles from Albany, on the Hudson River, to Buffalo, at Lake Erie. Helped increase trade moving from the east coast into the Midwest.
Interchangeable parts
components that are, for practical purposes, identical. They are made to specifications that ensure that they will fit into any assembly of the same type. These components help industry make finished goods more efficiently.
Lowell Mill Girls
were female workers who came to work in textile mills in Lowell, Massachusetts during the early Industrial Revolution in the United States.
Market Revolution
the expansion of the marketplace that occurred in early nineteenth-century America, prompted mainly by the construction of new roads and canals to connect distant communities together for the first time (early Industrial Revolution).
Adams-Onis Treaty
was a treaty between the United States and Spain in 1819 that ceded Florida to the U.S. and defined the boundary between the U.S. and New Spain.
Louisiana Purchase
was a land deal between the United States and France (Napoleon), in which the U.S. acquired approximately 827,000 square miles of land west of the Mississippi River for $15 million. The deal doubled the size of the U.S. at the time.
Missouri Compromise
law allowed Maine to be admitted as a free state to balance Missouri's admittance as a slave state. Slavery would be disallowed north of the 36.30 latitude line, post-compromise.
Northwest Ordinance
a law passed in 1787 to regulate the settlement of the Northwest Territory, which eventually was divided into several states of the Middle West. The law disallowed slavery in the region and set up town's on a grid system.
Alien and Sedition Acts
a series of laws, passed during the presidency of John Adams, that sought to restrict the public activities of political radicals who sympathized with the French Revolution and criticized Adams's Federalist policies. Law restricted free speech and made Adams unpopular with the public.
Barbary Pirates
privateers and pirates who operated from North Africa and seized American ships during Thomas Jefferson's administration.
Corrupt Bargain
alleged deal between presidential candidates John Q. Adams and Henry Clay to throw the Election of 1824, to be decided by the house of representatives, in Adam's favor. Though never proven, the accusation became the rallying cry for Jackson supporters, who had been majority of the popular vote.
Embargo Act of 1807
was a general embargo enacted by the Congress against Great Britain and France during the Napoleonic Wars. The act was imposed in response to violations of U.S. neutrality, in which American merchantmen and their cargo were seized as contraband of war by European ship men.
Hartford Convention
a series of meetings from 1814-1815, in Hartford, Connecticut in which the New England Federalist Party met to discuss their grievances concerning the ongoing War of 1812 and even discussed secession. Once the meeting was made public, the ensuing controversy ended the Federalist party.
Indian Removal Act
was signed into law by President Andrew Jackson in 1830, authorizing the president to grant unsettled lands west of the Mississippi in exchange for Indian lands within existing state borders.
Judicial Review
a process under which executive and legislative actions are subject to review by the judiciary. A court with judicial review power may invalidate laws and decisions that are incompatible with the written constitution.
Marbury v. Madison
a landmark Supreme Court case in which the Court formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution. John Marshall was the Chief Justice of the Supreme Court who presided over the decision.
Monroe Doctrine
a United States policy of opposing European colonialism in The Americas beginning in 1823.
Treaty of Ghent
the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom.
XYZ Affair
President Adams sent diplomats to negotiate with France to try to stop Frankish attacks on American ships. Three French officials (publicly known as X, Y & Z) demanded a bribe but the Americans stood up to them and refused. However, the U.S. continued having issues with the French until tensions eased in the early 1800s.
American Colonization Society
founded in 1816 to assist free black people (and newly freed slaves) in emigrating to Liberia, Africa.
Democratic Party
anti privilege/social distinction anti national bank & economic regulation anti federal funding for internal improvements anti protective tariffs pro expansion pro universal male suffrage for whites divided on terms of slavery but mostly favored slavery
Democratic-Republican Party
formed by Thomas Jefferson and others who believed in an agrarian-based, decentralized, democratic government. The party was established to oppose the Federalists who had supported and pushed through the ratification of the Constitution.
King Louis XVI
was the last King of France before the French Revolution. He and his family will be killed during the war.
National Republican Party
During the administration of John Quincy Adams (1825-1829), the president's supporters were referred to as Adam's Men.
Republicanism
an political theory that advocates for a state should be a republic, under which the people hold popular sovereignty and ultimate power.
Tecumseh
a leader of the Shawnee Native Americans. He led a large tribal confederacy against the United States during Tecumseh's War, which precipitated his alliance with Britain in the War of 1812.
War Hawks
those eager for war. Most notably the new Speaker of the House, Henry Clay of Kentucky, called for war against England and eyed Canada as a possible target of expansion in 1812.
Whig Party
during era of jacksonian democracy the anti-jackson pro bank of u.s. (national bank) pro high tariffs pro federal funding for internal improvements pro political action for social reform divided on terms of slavery to conscience, but mostly against it
Cult of Domesticity
belief that women should: be more religious than men, stay at home, submit to husbands and be pure in mind (starts in 1820).
"Era of Good Feelings"
After the War of 1812, more citizens viewed themselves as united Americans. Loyalty to the country, not to the state or political party. Also, after the death of the Federalist Party, there was a temporary one party system.
Republican Motherhood
the idea that a responsible mother educates and raises her sons to become productive and responsible citizens and good political leaders.
Romanticism
an ideology which emphasized emotion, faith, feelings, intuition, imagination, spontaneity, and individualism
Second Great Awakening
was a Protestant religious revival movement during the early 19th century. As a result, church membership rose rapidly among Baptist and Methodist congregations whose preachers led the movement. Movement began in Kentucky with the Cane Ridge Revivals.
Andrew Jackson
The seventh President of the United States (1829-1837), who as a general in the War of 1812 defeated the British at New Orleans (1815). As president he opposed the Bank of America, objected to the right of individual states to nullify disagreeable federal laws, and increased the presidential powers.
Worcester v. Georgia (1832)
A Supreme Court ruling that declared a state did not have the power to enforce laws on lands that were not under state jurisdiction; John Marshall wrote that the state of Georgia did not have the power to remove Indians; this ruling was largely ignored by President Andrew Jackson
Henry Clay
Distinguished senator from Kentucky, who ran for president five times until his death in 1852. He was a strong supporter of the American System, a war hawk for the War of 1812, Speaker of the House of Representatives, and known as "The Great Compromiser." Outlined the Missouri Compromise and Compromise of 1850.
John C. Calhoun
In 1828, he lead the fight against protective tariffs which hurt the south economically. Created the doctrine of nullification which said that a state could decide if a law was constitutional. This situation became known as the Nullification Crisis. Also, leading southerner who argued that slavery was a positive good for America.
Sacagawea
A Shoshone woman whose language skills and knowledge of geography helped Lewis and Clark on their expedition to the Pacific.
Election of 1800
Jefferson elected; defeats Adams, first peaceful, orderly transfer of power via competitive elections Called "Revolution of 1800"
Election of 1824
No one won a majority of electoral votes, so the House of Representatives had to decide among Adams, Jackson, and Clay. Clay dropped out and urged his supporters in the House to throw their votes behind Adams. Jackson and his followers were furious and accused Adams and Clay of a "corrupt bargain."
Horace Mann
an American educational reformer and Whig politician dedicated to promoting public education.
Impressment
forcing people into service, as in the navy
William Lloyd Garrison
1805-1879. Prominent American abolitionist, journalist and social reformer. Editor of radical abolitionist newspaper "The Liberator", and one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society.
New Harmony
Communal society of around one thousand members, established in Indiana by Robert Owen. The community fell apart due to infighting and confusion after just two years.
Oneida Community
A group of socio-religious perfectionists who lived in New York. Practiced polygamy, communal property, and communal raising of children.
Nullification Crisis
A sectional crisis during the presidency of Andrew Jackson created by an attempt by the state of South Carolina to void a federal law - the tariff of 1828 - passed by the United States Congress.
Cane Ridge Revival
religious revival in 1801 in Kentucky galvanizing Protestants. As many as 25,000 people may have come to the August meetings. Part of the Second Great Awakening.
Barton Stone
Presbyterian preacher who organized the Cane Ridge camp meeting. He also founded the restoration movement - argued a return to the earliest times of Christianity, turn back the clock.
temprance movement
campaign against the sale or consumption of alcohol
John Marshall
American jurist and politician who served as the chief justice of the U.S. Supreme Court (1801-1835) and helped establish the practice of judicial review.
American System
Economic program advanced by Henry Clay that included support for a national bank, high tariffs, and internal improvements; emphasized strong role for federal government in the economy.
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