CRM: Why a Movement --> Freedom Rides

SNCC (Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee)

Civil rights organization to give younger black activists a voice in the movement

DO THESE in a sit in

Be friendly, be on time, sit straight, dress nicely

DON'T DO THESE in a sit in

Hit anyone, laugh, talk randomly, or block entrances

The Greensboro 4

They were the first to sit-in and desegregate a lunch counter

Woolworth's

The target for the first sit-in in Greensboro, NC

Freedom Rides

The purpose of this protests was to force desegregation in travel facilities through the south

CORE (Congress of Racial Equality)

This interracial, non-violent civil rights org. was key in planning the first Freedom Ride

Washington DC to New Orleans

The original Freedom Riders' route

Problems faced by Freedom Riders

KKK threats, mobs using bats & chains, firebombings, drivers abandoning buses, police allowing brutality

To get arrested

Once the "new Freedom Riders" crossed into Mississippi, their goal changed to THIS

Rosa Parks

Her arrest s"park"ed the Montgomery Bus Boycott

100%

The black community THAT DID participate in the bus boycott on day one

60%

The black community that was EXPECTED to participated in the boycott on day one

381 days

How long the bus boycott lasted

Public transportation issues blacks faced in the south

No black drivers, white driver harassment, pay in front then walk outside the bus to the rear, forced to give up seat to a white person

Boycott

To refuse to buy, use, or participate in something as a way of protesting

Why Rosa Parks was chosen as the catalyst for the bus boycott

42 & mature, held a steady job, NAACP secretary, was educated woman, no other drama

Why Claudette Colvin was NOT chosen as the catalyst for the bus boycott

15, immature & she was pregnant

75%

This percent of bus riders were African Americans in Montgomery

Black Taxi Companies

Offered rides for 10 cents (same as bus far) to African Americans boycotting the buses

Private Taxis

People who privately owned a car & transported boycott participants for free

Montgomery Bus Boycott

The future leader of the Civil Rights Movement emerged from this early protest

Linda Brown

Her case, among many others, challenged 'separate but equal' in public education

1954

Brown v. Board of Education ruling came in this year

1961

Freedom Riders started their journey in this year

9-0

The Supreme Court's ruling of Brown v. Board was not divided, it was...

"With all deliberate speed"

This weak phrasing from the Brown v. Board decision allowed southern schools to do nothing to integrate

Little Rock Nine

Minni Jean, Melba Patillo, Gloria Ray, Terrence Roberts, Ernest Green, and others!

Orval Faubus, the Governor of Arkansas

He deployed the National Guard to prevent the Little Rock Nine from attending Central HS

Ike Eisenhower

He deployed the 101st Airborne division of the U.S. Army to safely escort the Little Rock Nine into Central HS

James Meredith

The man credited with integrating post-secondary education (colleges), specifically Ole Miss

Emmett Till

The 15-year-old boy brutally beaten, tortured and killed for "flirting" with a white woman in Mississippi

Jackie Robinson

This man broke the color barrier in Major League Baseball (and professional sports, in general)

Racism

Belief that your race is superior to all others

Prejudice

To judge an individual without knowing them

Stereotype

To label a whole group based on the actions of a few

Discrimination

Acting on racism or prejudice; unfair treatment based on their membership in a group

13th Amendment

Amendment that ended slavery

14th Amendment

Amendment that extended citizenship to former slaves and provided equal protection under the law

15th Amendment

Amendment that gave suffrage (voting rights) to black men

KKK (Ku Klus Klan)

Terrorist group aimed at white supremacy - participated in violent protests & used intimidation to keep black people from equality

How black people were kept from voting during the Jim Crow era

Poll taxes, literacy tests, elaborate registration systems, jelly bean test, grandfather clause, and OTHERS

Plessy v. Ferugson

The Supreme Court ruled against Homer Plessy, establishing "separate but equal" and segregation for the next 50+ years

Brown v. Board

Supreme Court ruling that integrated public education; it overturned Plessy v. Ferguson

NAACP (National Association for the Advancement of Colored People)

Civil rights org. that educated white people regarding the need of racial equality and fought the legal battles for desegregation

Harry Truman

He desegregated the military

Kennedy (JFK)

Federal protection for Freedom Riders was given by this administration.

Freedom Riders worked to enforce the desegregation of THESE. They were technically already desegregated by a court case but it wasn't enforced

Travel facilities (rest stops, rest rooms, waiting rooms)

The speed at which integration of schools occurred in the South

Slow or not at all

Arguably the most effective means of protesting

Sit-Ins

The ultimate root of the civil rights movement

Slavery

Making laws is a good first step to ensuring equal rights and treatment, but THIS is usually needed next.

Federal reinforcement, often the military

Jewish People, Catholics, Minorities, Immigrants

Targets of the Ku Klux Klan

Laws that legally separated black people from white people in daily life

Jim Crow Laws (Black Codes, Segregation)

Homer Plessy

The plaintiff in Plessy v. Ferguson: he was a fraction black and argued the separate train cars were not equal

FDR

During WWII, he passed the Fair Employment Act to force defense factories to end discrimination

The early catalyst that started the civil rights movement that shocked the nation

The death of Emmett Till

Ole Miss (University of Mississippi)

When James Meredith registered for classes, THIS southern university erupted in violence; 2000 in the white mob and 2 died

When the mob prevented James Meredith from registering for classes, federal protection was provided by..

The Kennedy Administration

Ross Barnett

Mississippi Governor who tried to prevent James Meredith from breaking the color barrier