Chapter 1

Ecology

The science of interrelationships between organisms and their environments.

Human ecology

The biological, psychological, social, and cultural contexts affecting humans.

Adaptation

Modification of behavior to make it more fit for existence under environmental conditions.

Demographic

Statistical characteristics of the human population, such as age, income, and race.

Economics

The production, distribution, and consumption of goods and services.

Socialization

The process by which children acquire knowledge, skills, and character traits to participate in society.

Intentional Socialization

Socialization that is done on purpose, where adults convey certain values to children.

Unintentional Socialization

Socialization that occurs without the deliberate intent to impart knowledge or values.

Developmentally Appropriate

Methods that promote optimal development and learning through a strengths-based, play-based approach.

Biological Model

A major socialization theory by Urie Bronfenbrenner that focuses on the individual's temperament and reciprocal dynamics.

Microsystem

Immediate environments where direct interactions occur, such as family, friends, and school.

Mesosystem

Interactions between different parts of the microsystem that influence a child's development.

Exosystem

External environments that indirectly influence development, such as parental workplaces and community policies.

Macrosystem

The society and subculture to which an individual belongs, including belief systems and lifestyles.

Chronosystem

The impact of time, life transitions, and historical events on development.

Society

A group of individuals sharing common traditions, institutions, customs, and values within a specific area.

Ethnicity

Characterization of people based on a shared culture related to common ancestry.

Culture

Values, beliefs, language, and traditions passed from one generation to another within a social group.

Well-being

The combination of feeling good and functioning well, including emotional positivity and relational fulfillment.

Emotional Support

Encouragement and companionship offered by community members to cope with stress or personal struggles.

Practical Assistance

Tangible help provided by communities, such as food, shelter, or transportation.

Social Connection

Fostering inclusion and engagement within a community through shared activities and relationships.

Safety and Advocacy

Ensuring the well-being of community members by promoting safety and advocating for just policies.