Honors Chemistry

What best defines wavelength (λ)?

Distance between identical points on consecutive waves

What is the correct unit for frequency?

Hertz

What quantity remains constant for all electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum?

Speed of light

When is the equation c = λν used?

To relate wavelength and frequency

What is a photon?

A packet of energy

Which equation is used to calculate the energy of light?

E = hν

How would you find energy if wavelength is given?

Convert wavelength to frequency, then use E = hν

Which color of visible light has the highest energy?

Violet

What is the relationship between wavelength and energy?

Inverse

What happens to electron energy as it moves farther from the nucleus?

Increases

How is an atomic emission spectrum produced?

By exciting electrons and allowing them to fall back

Why do different gases produce different colors in discharge tubes?

Different energy level spacings

Why is an atomic emission spectrum not continuous?

Energy levels are quantized

What is the role of a prism in spectroscopy?

Separates wavelengths of light

In the Bohr model, where are electrons located?

Energy levels

What does 'n' represent in the Bohr model?

Energy level

What is the ground state of an electron?

Lowest energy position

How can an electron move to a higher energy level?

Gain energy

What does the ladder analogy in the Bohr model represent?

Fixed energy levels

How many electrons fit in the first energy level?

2

Which model describes electrons as probability clouds?

Quantum mechanical

What is an orbital?

Region where electrons are likely found

How many orbitals are in a p subshell?

3

Which subshell fills before 3d?

4s

Which rule states no two electrons can have the same four quantum numbers?

Pauli Exclusion Principle

Why do atoms form bonds?

Decrease potential energy

What type of bond forms from electron transfer?

Ionic

What charge does a Group 2 metal form?

+2

What is the crisscross method used for?

Writing ionic formulas

What is a sea of electrons?

Shared electrons in metals

What did Rutherford's gold foil experiment show?

Nucleus is small and dense

What are isotopes?

Atoms with different neutrons

Atomic radius increases when moving:

Down a group

Which has the highest electronegativity trend?

Right across a period

Compared to neutral atoms, cations are:

Smaller

Which is a physical change?

Melting

What does the law of conservation of mass state?

Mass is conserved

What is a homogeneous mixture?

Uniform throughout

Significant figures are used to:

Show measurement precision

Scientific notation is best used for:

Very large or small numbers

Why are ionic compounds typically solid at room temperature?

Strong electrostatic attractions exist between oppositely charged ions

Which change would most increase the strength of an ionic bond?

Decreasing distance between ions

According to Coulomb's Law, the attraction between two ions depends on:

The charges of the ions and the distance between them

Which pair of elements would form the most ionic bond?

Na and Cl

Why are metals more likely than nonmetals to form cations?

Metals have large atomic radii and low ionization energy

Which periodic trend explains why Group 1 metals readily lose electrons?

Low ionization energy

Which element would form the smallest cation?

Al³⁺

When a neutral atom becomes a cation, its radius:

Decreases due to reduced electron-electron repulsion

Which compound requires the crisscross method AND parentheses in its formula?

Ca(NO₃)₂

What is the correct empirical formula for a compound formed between Fe³⁺ and O²⁻?

Fe₂O₃

Why must ionic formulas always represent a neutral compound?

Charges cancel to produce electrical neutrality

Which formula represents the lowest whole-number ratio of ions?

NaCl

Which compound contains both ionic and covalent bonding?

KNO₃

In ammonium sulfate, (NH₄)₂SO₄, the bond between NH₄⁺ and SO₄²⁻ is:

Ionic

What indicates that a polyatomic ion remains intact during ionic bonding?

It retains its internal covalent bonds

Why do solid ionic compounds not conduct electricity?

Ions are fixed in place within the lattice

Under what condition will an ionic compound conduct electricity?

When dissolved in water or molten

Which property of ionic compounds is best explained by the crystal lattice?

Brittleness

When force is applied to an ionic crystal, it shatters because:

Like charges are forced adjacent, causing repulsion

Which statement correctly compares ionic and metallic bonding?

Metallic bonding explains malleability