Unit 9: Molecular Biology/Protein synthesis & gene expression

Protein synthesis

Protein synthesis

• The process of creating new little protein guys trhiugh transcription and translation

  • DNA → mRNA → Protein

Translation

• The synthesis of a polypeptide using genetic info encoded in an mRNA pal.

• There is a change in the langue from nucelotides into amino acids

• mRNA= proteins

  • this happens outside of the cell in the cytoplasm

  • This is where codons are read and made into little protein pals.

Transcription

• This is when DNA goes to mRNA.

  • This happens inside the nucles or nuclear envolope.

  • The DNA spits into RNA, they make another RNA on the otherside but instead of using T’s they use U’s

  • The broken DNA is then put back together and the mRNA is yeeted out of the cell.

Messenger RNA

• mRNA that carries the code for making protein to a ribosome.

  • They just drop info off at a ribosome to make synthesis proteins (Make proteins)

Transfer RNA

• tRNA carries an amino acid to a ribosome to join together to from a protein.

• The anti-codon attaches to the tRNA as well as your amino acids, (which you consume) they connect together to make your polypeptide chains which make a protein.

Amino acid

• Make the proteins or smth

Gene regulation

• turning genes on and off depending on what the cell needs in order to maintain homeostasis.

Gene expression

• gene gets turned on in cell to make RNA and proteins = Gene “Expressed”

Operon

• The genetic switch that turns genes on and off. It is a main part in green regulation

• Thay are located on the gene

• They control gene expression and stick onto a gene to make it either stop or start gene expression (aka making mRNA to make proteins)

  • It is a group of portions consisting of an operator, promoter, and repressed that control a group of genes.

Lac operon

• The example we used in class, it creates the enzyme that produces enzymes to break down lactase.

  • Sugar binds to the repressor to allow the operator to let the promoter through and create an enzyme

AraC operon

• A rpressor that sits on top of the Lac operon when there is now arabinose sugar present.

  • Example used in class

Regulatory gene

• a gene to code for a protein (maybe a repressor or something else) and controls the transcription of another gene.

Repressor protein

• proteins that turn off/reduce gene expression

RNA polymerase

• proteins that turn off/reduce gene expression

promoter

• region of DNA where RNA polymerase begins to transcribe a gene

  • They “promote” or start an RNA polymerase.

  • They also act as a primer

terminator

• genetic parts that usually occur at the end of a gene or operon and cause transcription to stop

  • They make mRNA polymerase stop

codon

• 3 nucleotides of an mRNA strand that tells a ribosome what nucleic acid to make.

anticodon

• The opposite code of a codon

  • ex: Codon =ACU, Anticodon = UGA

start codon

• The first codon that tells a ribosome to “start” reading

stop codon

• The last codon that tells a ribosome to “stop” reading

codon chart

• Chart to identify a nucleic acid based on a codon or anti-codno+translation.

plasmid

• circular pieces of DNA found naturally in bacteria

  • only in prokaryotic organisms

Recombinant DNA

• not natural

• genetically engineered in labs

• recombined when a gene from one organism is combined with DNA from another = pGOL Lab

introns/exons

• on/off switches

• Introns a slipced out before the mRNA enters cytoplasm

• Exons code for stuff

• Introns have the operons on them.

translocation

• genetic change in which a piece of chromosome breaks off and attaches to another chromosome

ribosome

• the organelles that protein synthesis

nucleus

• where DNA is stored in Eu.

• The equvilent to this is a

cytoplasm

• Space/gellys in the cell

• This is where mRNA goes into after leaving the nucleus and binds with ribosomes in order to produce proteins

mutations

• a change in the DNA sequence during DNA replication

  • Base Substitution, deletion, translocation.

• can result in change in the amino acid sequence so protein structure

reading frame

• a way of dividing the sequence of nucleotides in a nucleic acid into a set of codons

frame shift

• enetic mutation caused by a deletion or insertion in a DNA sequence that shifts the way the sequence is read

  • EX: normal - The dog has a bone.

  • Base sub- The Dog tas a bone.

  • Deletion -

silent mutation

• a mutation that’s silent

base substitution

• An oopsie in the process of changing DNA into mRNA where a base is substituted with another back accident.

  • Ex: An A is supposed to be paired with a U, but is paired with a C instead.

point mutation

• occurs in a genome when a single base pair is added, deleted, or changed

base insertion

• the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

missense mutations

• a DNA change that results in different amino acids being encoded at a particular position in the resulting protein

Ampicillin

• one of the cillins, I’m allergic to amoxicillin

mutagen

• the addition of one or more nucleotide base pairs into a DNA sequence

operator

• on/off switch for a gene in an operon

Silent mutation

• a type of substitution mutation wherein the change in the DNA sequence of the gene has no effect on the amino acid sequence