psc 100

modern cognitive psychology is primarilly concerned with which of the following?

what we know

what we remember

how we think

all of the above

all of the above

The famous psychologist Edward Titchener claimed to have identified and cataloged nearly 10,000 sensations that he observed within himself. What method best describes his approach?

introspection

behaviorism

cognitive psychology

transcendentalism

introspection

A psychologist who adheres to the behaviorist school of thought would most likely attribute someone being afraid of a spider to

an interaction between memory and fear

a chemical imbalance produced by a deficit in nutrients

a learned behavior in response to a specific environmental trigger

Inadequate maternal supervision and love during infancy

a learned behavior in response to a specific environmental trigger

because psychology forms hypotheses about processes that cannot be observed directly, it relies on ___ methods to describe the behaviors that can be observed.

trascendental

inferential

both

neither

both

Which of the following is a similarity between psychology and physics

Both test their theories using the scientific method

Direct observation of the causes of phenomena is not always possible

Both base their theories on objective, quantifiable data

All of the above are correct

All of the above are correct

All the following contributed to the cognitive revolution except

The idea that mental processes would not necessarily be accompanied by changes in behavior

The idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing

The observation that the same stimulus could result in different behaviors across contexts

The method of working backwards from observable effects to hypothesize possible causes

The idea that mental processes have little resemblance to steps in computer processing

Which school of theorists would most likely agree with this statement: “Perceptual phenomena are best understood as a summation of their individual components.”

Gestalt psychologists

structuralists

behaviorists

psychoanalysts

structuralists

In the image, parts A, B, C, and D are:

The frontal lobe, occipital lobe, parietal lobe, and temporal lobe

The occipital lobe, temporal lobe, parietal lobe, and frontal lobe

The parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

The temporal lobe, frontal lobe, occipital lobe, and parietal lobe

The parietal lobe, frontal lobe, temporal lobe, and occipital lobe

Which of the following methodologies measures neither brain activity nor structure?

magnetic resonance imaging

computerized axial tomography

positron emission tomography

transcranial magnetic stimulation

transcranial magnetic stimulation

Which of the following is the clinical term to describe a disturbance in the initiation or organization of voluntary action?

aphasia

unilateral neglect

agnosia

none of the above

None of the above

what is aphasia

impairs someone’s ability to communicate

What is unilateral neglect?

a neuropsychological condition where, following brain injury (commonly the right parietal lobe), a person fails to attend to, respond to, or represent the side of space opposite to the lesion

what is agnosia?

a rare neurological disorder characterized by the inability to recognize and identify objects, people, sounds, shapes, or smells, despite having intact senses (vision, hearing, touch) and no significant memory loss

With tachistoscopic presentation, people often make recognition errors. The errors are not random, however, but instead misperceive the input as following the rules of spelling. This is because…

people consciously adjust their. responses to make the responses more sensible

All humans are genetically predisposed toward the visual configurations of regular bigrams; this is why English uses them

of a lifetime of strengthening the bigram detectors for common English letter pairs

people are reluctant to give answers that they cannot easily pronounce

of a lifetime of strengthening the bigram detectors for common English letter pairs

The use of geons is associated with..

the recognition-by-components (RBC) model

the word superiority effect

the holistic perception model

the McClelland and Rumelhart model

the recognition-by-components (RBC) model

Which of the following is evidence that there is a biological basis for word detectors and object detectors?

Detector cells in the inferotemporal cortex are consistently viewpoint-independent

Specific cells have been found that represent specific people

Cells that fire strongly for one object or word fire only for that object or word

As of yet, there is no specific biological evidence for detectors. They are relevant only within the context of theories based on feature nets.

Specific cells have been found that represent specific people

A participant reads a list of words in which the word “platypus” appears several times. Later, the participant views another list of words, and needs to rapidly judge whether each stimulus is a real word or a nonsense word. When the word “platypus” appears in the second list, the participant’s response will be ___ than for other words not found on the previous list. This effect is called ___.

faster; repetition priming

slower; repetition priming

faster; the word superiority effect

slower; the word superiority effect

fast; repetition priming

When handed an everyday object like a flashlight, Kate can describe its features but cannot name it, despite having encountered it many times before. She is likely suffering from..

appreciative agnosia

integrative agnosia

prosopagnosia

associative agnosia

associative agnosia

The word superiority effect refers to the fact that it is easier to recognize..

words in one’s native language rather than words in other languages

a word presented in a sentence rather than a word presented by itself

words that are frequently used under tachistoscopic conditions

a letter within the context of a word rather than a letter presented by itself

a letter within the context of a word rather than a letter presented by itself

You are at a cocktail party, conversing with a friend. In this situation, you are most likely to hear

whether the person behind you is speaking intelligently or foolishly

conversations about cocktails

that the couple beside you are talking about a movie you’ve never seen

that the person next to you mentions your name

that the person next to you mentions your name

In a study of spatial attention, participants were given a neutral, correct, or misleading cue about where on the screen a stimulus would appear. What is an explanation for what happened in trials with misleading cues?

There were costs because spatial attention is a limited capacity system

There were costs because the spotlight of attention had moved to the misled location and had to move back

both

neither

both

Talking on the phone while driving is dangerous because even items directly in view can go unnoticed. This is an example of __

inattentional blindness

spatial neglect

change blindness

object-centered neglect

inattentional blindness

Consider the process of automaticity. A result of automaticity is that a practiced behavioral procedure becomes…

harder to perform but easier to control

easier to both perform and control

easier to perform but harder to control

automatically initiated in a variety of contexts

easier to perform but harder to control

Perception is facilitated by priming. ___ is produced by a prior encounter with the respective stimulus and is __.

expectation-based priming; not effortful

repetition priming; not effortful

expectation-based priming; effortful

repetition priming; effortful

repetition priming; not effortful

Which group would perform the WORST on a memory test?

Participants engaged in shallow processing without a previous warning of a memory test

Participants engaged in medium processing with a previous warning of a memory test

Participants engaged in deep processing without a previous warning of a memory test

Participants engaged in deep processing with a previous warning of a memory test

Participants engaged in shallow processing without a previous warning of a memory test

Someone with a larger working-memory capacity is likely to perform better than someone with a smaller working-memory capacity on which of the following tasks?

following directions

efficient reading

learning a computer language

all of the above

all of the above

Which statement about working memory is true?

It has unlimited storage capacity

Information in it is fragile and easily lost

It is best understood as a short-term storage container

The term refers mainly to the resources that are retained over long intervals

Information in ir is fragile and easily lost

Which of the following would be LEAST helpful in improving recall of a difficult-to-understand paragraph?

associating information in the paragraph with mental images

chunking the sentences in the paragraph into smaller, meaningful groups

repeating the paragraph aloud many times

giving the paragraph a meaningful title

Repeating the paragraph aloud many times

What causes the recency effect?

The last words studied are still in working memory at testing

The first words studied are also the first words to leave working memory

Words that get more attention are better encoded into long-term memory

Participants pay the most attention to the last items in the list

The last words studied are still in working memory at testing

Which of the following is an advantage of connecting new information to prior knowledge in several different ways?

It “cements” the new material in memory more securely, so the neurons are less likely to decay

it allows only context-dependent learning to take place

it improves your implicit memory for the information

it allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths

it allows the information to be accessed from multiple retrieval paths

Which of the following is true regarding recall performance?

Recall performance is usually better than recognition performance

Recall performance does not benefit from context reinstatement

A clue about a studied item is helpful for recall if it is consistent with how the word was thought about when it was learned

physical context is more important to recall than psychological context

A clue about a studied item is helpful for recall if it is consistent with how the word was thought about when it was learned

Answering a question like, “what’s the name of your doctor?” requires__. Answering a question like, “Isn’t that the guy we usually see at the gym?” requires__.

recall; recognition

recognition; recall

source memory; familiarity

explicit memory; implicit memory

recall; recognition

which of the following provides evidence for a dissociation between familiarity and source memory?

It is common to find a face familiar but be unable to place it; it is also possible to recognize a face without it feeling familiar

People’s patterns of brain activity are different when they are making judgements based on familiarity than when they are making judgements based on source memory

source memory is promoted by creating memory connections; familiarity can be promoted merely by repeated exposure

all of the above

all of the above

which of the following is NOT a type of implicit memory?

procedural memory

semantic memory

perceptual memory

priming

semantic memory

which of the following in NOT true of flashbulb memories?

they are very detailed memories

they are usually of emotional events

they are always inaccurate yet highly confident memories

people retain these memories for long periods of time

They are always inaccurate yet highly confident memories

Intrusion errors are often caused by

words or ideas not associated with the material being learned

background knowledge brought to a situation

maintenance rehearsal

deliberate exaggeration

background knowledge brought to a situation

Which of the following is likely to INCREASE the intrusion of schema-consistent knowledge in later recall?

making an effort to fill in the gaps in one’s memories

thinking about exactly how the event unfolded, rather than what it meant

decreasing the retention interval

thinking about what was distinctive, rather than typical, about the episode

making an effort to fill in the gaps in one’s memories

According to interference theory, most forgetting is attributable to the fact that

you lose paths to the information owing to a change in perspective

emotion causes the disruption of memories acquired earlier

memories and memory connections face with time

new learning disrupts or overwrites old learning

new learning disrupts or overwrites old learning

While under hypnosis, people

are quite accurate at distinguishing true from false memories

tend to remember more about the event they are being questioned about

tend to talk less about the event they are being questioned about

are more susceptible to misinformation

are more susceptible to misinformation

Which of the following is TRUE about autobiographical memories?

People will bias their recollection of past events away from current characteristics

Recollection is worse for memories that seem more directly relevant to oneself

When an event is forgotten, reconstruction tends to favor seeing oneself in a negative light

Reconstruction of past events will often be consistent with current views of oneself rather than past views

Reconstruction of past events will often be consistent with current views of oneself rather than past views

According to Wittgenstein,

We have no real general concept for each category that we know, but instead learn each category member individually.

We assess category membership probabilistically, based on family resemblance.

We can find rigid features that define a category, but only after intensive study.

We first encounter the prototypical member of a category and then compare all other potential members to it.

We assess category membership probabilistically, based on family resemblance.

Which of the following is true?

People only use prototypes when there are no clear definitions to fall back on

Just because people use prototypes does not mean that this is the only information available to them

People use exemplars rather than prototypes whenever possible

Clearly defined category boundaries are necessary for deciding category membership

Just because people use prototypes does not mean that this is the only information available to them

In a production task, the __ category members that a person mentions are the category members that produce the slowest reaction times in a sentence verification task.

first

last

loudest

slowest

last

The idea that we categorize objects based on their similarity to specifically stored instances is known as __ theory.

geometric

prototype

feature

exemplar

exemplar

Which of the following is NOT true of category knowledge?

Category judgements are influenced by typicality

Judgements of resemblance will override our beliefs about categories

We are more likely to generalize about a category from typical cases than from atypical cases

Our beliefs and prior knowledge can influence how quickly we learn new concepts

Judgements of resemblance will override our beliefs about categories

The hierarchy of linguistic units, from smallest to largest, is

phrases, words, morphemes, phonemes

phonemes, phrases, words, morphemes

morphemes, phonemes, phrases, words

phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases

phonemes, morphemes, words, phrases

The fact that new words in English do not typically start with sound combinations like “tl” or “ks” demonstrates the

generativity of English

role of phrase-boundaries in English

phonological rules of English

biological basis of English

phonological rules of English

All of the following are factors that influence how one parses a sentence in English EXCEPT

Prosody

An assumption of the passive voice

One’s prior experiences and general knowledge

Function words within the sentence or sentences

An assumption of the passive voice

Which of the following is evidence that the human ability to learn and use complex language is NOT just a consequence of innate neural mechanisms?

Animals with genomes that are similar to the human genome can be taught to use symbols and simple text

Damage to different brain regions can result in different types of aphasias

Children who are deaf but are taught to sign will generate their own gestural system to communicate with others

Children who have not had the opportunity to communicate with other humans are essentially unable to adopt a language at a later age

Children who have not had the opportunity to communicate with other humans are essentially unable to adopt a language at a later age

A newspaper headline read “Award for Best Picture Won by ‘The Shape of Water’.” English speakers are less likely to remember that “The Shape of Water” won this award than if the headline read “The Shape of Water Won Award for Best Picture.” This is an example of:

linguistic relativity

pragmatics

categorical perception

prescriptive rules

linguistic relativity

The fact that people report motor-vehicle deaths as more common than diabetes and homicides as more common than stomach cancer reflects which of the heuristics?

simulation heuristic

anchoring heuristic

availability heuristic

representativeness heuristic

availability heuristic

Which of the following is TRUE of covariation?

A negative covariation indicates that there is no relationship between two variables

People tend to underestimate covariation when they have theories about the relationship between two variables

Covariations are “all or none” and cannot vary in strength

Illusory covariations sometimes generate prejudice toward groups of people

Illusory covariations sometimes generate prejudice toward groups of people

Which of the following is FALSE regarding confirmation bias?

It works to bring our recollections into line with our expectations

It makes people more alert and responsive to evidence that confirms their beliefs than to evidence that challenges their beliefs

Its effects are usually offset by our general ability to think about covariation

It makes it unlikely to see counterexamples

Its effects are usually offset by our general ability to think about covariation

According to the dual-process model of reasoning, one mode of thought is___, while the other mode of thought is __.

association-driven; speedy

automatic; effortful

slower; effortful

automatic; effortless

automatic; effortful

You are introduced to a new kind of toy called a blicket. You are shown ten blickets, all of which are red in color. you conclude that blickets must be red. This is an example of:

belief bias

inductive reasoning

deductive reasoning

base-rate information

inductive reasoning

Which of the following is a logically valid syllogism?

All philosophers are professors. All philosophers are logicians. Therefore, all professors are logicians.

All purple items are green. All yellow items are green. All purple items are yellow.

Pizza is a substitute made of cardboard. All substances made of cardboard are good to eat. Pizza is a substance that is good to eat.

Since all robins have two legs, and since all birds are two-legged, it follows that all robins are birds

Pizza is a substitute made of cardboard. All substances made of cardboard are good to eat. Pizza is a substance that is good to eat.

Based on image-zooming experiments, which of the following would participants be slowest to identify in a mental image?

The wings of a butterfly are positioned next to a grain of sand

The ears of a rhinoceros are positioned next to a squirrel

The whiskers of a cat next to an ant

The wings of a butterfly next to a hippopotamus

The wings of a butterfly next to a hippopotamus

Participants answering questions about geography might incorrectly claim that San Diego, California, is farther west than Reno, Nevada. This is an example that suggests that spatial information is sometimes stored in

long-term memory as propositions

working memory as propositions

long-term memory using a perceptual code

working memory using a perceptual code

long-term memory as propositions

Which of the following is the LEAST accurate summary of individual differences in imaginary ability?

Most people can form images

Some people are good at visual imagery, and others are good at spatial imagery

Within visual imagery and spatial imagery, most people have some strengths and some weaknesses

Imagery ability is uniform from one person to the next

Imagery ability is uniform from one person to the next

Which of the following is a term for mental imagery that is visual in nature and exceptionally detailed to the point that it is nearly photographic in quality?

dual-coded imagery

chronometric imagery

eidetic imagery

aphantasia

eidetic imagery

How is a percept different from a picture?

Percepts are depictions, but pictures are not

Perceptions can be ambiguous, but pictures cannot

Pictures can be ambiguous, but percepts cannot

Pictures are depictions, but percepts are not

Pictures can be ambiguous, but percepts cannot

Unconscious processing in NOT

dependent on well-established routines

composed of relatively specialized parts

guided by habit

controlled by executive function

controlled by executive function

Which of the following statements is TRUE?

Conscious processing is more efficient than unconscious processing, but less flexible

We are generally able to detect memory errors because remembering is a conscious, reconstructive process

Conscious processing is less efficient than unconscious processing, but more flexible

We automatically act on information to which we have access

Conscious processing is less efficient than unconscious processing, but more flexible

The neuronal workspace theory of consciousness proposes that:

There is a “consciousness center” in the brain that adjusts one’s mental state

The reticular activating system coordinates activity across regions of the brain to control the content of consciousness

Everyone has two types of consciousness that arise at different times: access consciousness and phenomenal consciousness

A certain subset of neurons in the brain binds information from different regions of the brain to create a unified experience of consciousness

A certain subset of neurons in the brain binds information from different regions of the brain to create a unified experience of consciousness

___refers to the set of mental processes of which one is not aware, despite their influence on one’s behaviors, thoughts, and so on

Blind sight

The cognitive unconscious

Unconscious products

The subconscious

The cognitive unconscious

In one study, participants were given a placebo pill before receiving electric shocks. Relative to a control group, the placebo group was able to endure four times the intensity of shocks. Which aspect of this study and its results is interpreted as evidence of unconscious cognitive processes?

The placebo pill influenced participants’ judgements of the shocks and source of physical symptoms, but these participants reported not having thought about the pill at all during the experiment

Participants in the placebo group claimed that they had not felt the shocks much because of taking the pill

Participants in the placebo group reported thinking that they thought their physical responses to the shock were actually because of the pill

Results were mixed: both a and c were true across participants

The placebo pill influenced participants’ judgements of the shocks and source of physical symptoms, but these participants reported not having thought about the pill at all during the experiment

Which of the following best describes the mind-body problem?

Despite similarities in anatomy and neural signatures, people’s subjective experiences can be quite different.

Consciousness is a nonphysical entity that somehow influences the physical brain

The brain is a physical entity that somehow influences the nonphysical conscious mind

B and C are both true of the mind-body problem

B and C are both true of the mind-body problem