Intro to Ethics: Exam 3

Psychological Egoism (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes

Leviathan (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes

Natural Equality (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes & John Locke

The Sovereign (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes

Social Contract (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes, John Locke, John Rawls, & Susan Moller Okin

State of Nature (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes & John Locke

War of All Against All (Thinker?)

Thomas Hobbes

Property Rights (Thinker?)

John Locke

_______ Proviso (Thinker?)

John Locke

The Original Position (Thinker?)

John Rawls

The Veil of Ignorance (Thinker?)

John Rawls

Two Principles of Justice (Thinker?)

John Rawls & Susan Moller Okin

Basic Liberties Principle (Thinker?)

John Rawls & Susan Moller Okin

Fair Equality Opportunity (Thinker?)

John Rawls & Susan Moller Okin

Difference Principal (Thinker?)

John Rawls

Moral Development in the Family (Thinker?)

Susan Moller Okin

Equality of Opportunity for Women (Thinker?)

Susan Moller Okin

Private vs. Public Distinction (Thinker?)

Susan Moller Okin

Psychological Egoism

people are naturally self-centered

The Leviathan

metaphor for society (artificial man composed of natural men); primary purpose is to secure peace

Natural Equality: Hobbes

everyone is equally vulnerable to being killed

Natural Equality: Locke

everyone is a child of God; all men are created equal

War of all against all

Hobbes’ state of nature where life is poor, nasty, and brutish

Lockean Property Rights

a natural right; mix labor with nature (EX. farming)

Lockean Proviso

• no waste

• leave enough for others

• nature is left as good as it was found

Hobbes’ State of Nature

• no morality

• no government

• individuals, no family

• there is only danger and fear

____ and ____ are the passions needed to help escape Hobbes’ state of nature.

Fear; hope

“Life in the state of nature is solitary, poor, nasty, brutish, and short.”

Thomas Hobbes

___________ is also needed to escape Hobbes’ state.

Rationality

Law of Nature

do what it takes to survive

Social Contract

an artificial agreement where the people mutually agree to transfer rights to a common entity/power (the sovereign)

The _________ is created by the social contract.

sovereign

Hobbes and Locke are…

contractarians

Locke’s State of Nature

• no government

• no family

• there is morality

• property

• general authority to punish

• principle of proportionality (“eye for an eye”)

Disadvantages of the state of nature

• property is precarious (can’t kill people bc they are God’s property)

• punishing people (there is no impartial judge)

John Rawls

wrote A Theory of Justice

Distributive justice

• things need to be given out fairly

• society = cooperative venture (produce more together)

What kind of things are distributed? Benefits?

• profit

• income

• status

• recognition

What kind of things are distributed? Burdens?

• costs

• labor

• responsibility

• power

Distribution principle

• “perfect procedure”

• “I cut you pick”

Original Position

menu of principles is given (equality, luck, etc.) and in order to fairly judge you must go behind the veil of ignorance

Veil of Ignorance

everyone forgets who they are (ex. gender, age, race, etc.) in order to make a society that is fair for everyone

the things you know in the veil of ignorance

• basic facts of life

• controversial science

Rawls says that under the veil everyone will come up with the same two principles.

• Equal Basic Liberties

• Social Economic Inequalities

Equal Basic Liberties

legally protected freedoms are given equally; can practice your freedoms until they infringe on someone elses

Social Economic Inequalities must satisfy two conditions…

Fair Equality Opportunity and the Difference Principle

Fair Equality Opportunity

everyone has a fair chance of getting it (like a job), but not everyone gets it

Difference Principle

social and economic inequalities must be of great benefit to the least advantaged

Susan Moller Okin

wrote Gender, Justice, and the Family; criticizes Rawls’ contract

Okin believes that _____ need to be _____ included in the social contract.

women; fully

Okin _____ the idea of ___ ____, but it isn’t enough to help women

likes; the veil

False Gender Neutrality

Okin believes that this doesn’t work because you have to account for sexual differences

Fair Equality of Opportunity for Women

• help develop their capacities

• participate in political power

• influence social choices

• economically and physically secure

Just Family Structure

• the family doesn’t need to be private but just

• women should exist in the public life as well

_____ __________ for children starts with the family.

Moral development

FEO for women should require _____ ____

legal laws