LING 2350 Final

Lao (family and country)

Tai-Kadai, Laos

Thai (family and country)

Tai-Kadai, Thailand

Ainu (family and country)

Ainu, Japan

Cantonese (family and country)

Sinitic, China

Somali (family and country)

Cushitic, Somalia

Tamasheq (family and country)

Berber, Algeria

Yoruba (family and country)

Niger-Congo, Nigeria

Ewe (family and country)

Niger-Congo, Ghana

Basque (family and country)

Isolate, Spain

Scots (family and country)

West Germanic, Scotland

Irish (family and country)

Celtic, Ireland

Italian (family and country)

Romance, Italy

Hupa (family and country)

Na-Dene, USA

Nahuatl (family and country)

Uto-Aztecan, Mexico

Quechua (family and country)

Quechuan, Peru

Inuktitut (family and country)

Eskimo-Aleut, Canada

Dyirbal (family and country)

Pama-Nyungan, Australia

Pitjantjatjara

Pama-Nyungan, Australia

Kriol (family and country)

English Creole, Australia

Bardi (family and country)

Nyulnyulan, Australia

Pidgin

Not a full language, used for trade, limited

Creole

Fully developed language, when a pidgin gains native speakers

Mixed language

More equal combination of languages, grammar from one and vocab from the other

Pidgin example

Russenorsk (Norway)

Creole example

Tok Pisin (Papua New Guinea)

Mixed language example

Mitchif (Canada)

Substrate

Base language being influenced

Superstrate

Language influencing the substrate

Clerc and Gallaudet

Founded the American School for the Deaf

MVSL

Possibly from Old Kent Sign Language

Glottographic

Represents spoken language

Semasiographic

Represents meanings

Logographic

Symbols represent words/morphemes and not sounds

Syllabary

Symbols for each syllable

Alphabet

Symbols for each phoneme

Consonantal alphabet

Only consonants written

Ladefoged

Argued language preservation is not always necessary and should be up to its speakers; loss of a language not necessarily a terrible thing

Dorian

argued apoliticism is not possible, linguistic preservation is ethically complex

Language Cloud

EGIDS score and number of speakers, represents language status

Morphy Australian kinship system

lineal kin

direct lineal relation

affinal kin

relation through marriage

radial category

a number of traits that can occur in different combinations

prototype

example of a category with all defining traits

aha punana leo

schools to foster the preservation of Hawaiian, started in the 80s against the law

Consonant inventory size

Polish, large

Vowel inventory size

Greenlandic, small

Consonant-Vowel Ratio

English, low

Uvular consonants

Yupik

Initial velar nasal

Lavukaleve

Vowel nasalization

French

Front rounded vowels

Norwegian

Simple tone

Latvian

Complex tone

Vietnamese

Click sounds

Xhosa

Th sounds

English

Numeral classifiers

Vietnamese

VSO or VOS language

Hawaiian

Hand and arm identity language

Russian

Base 10 language

English

Non base 10 language

Yupik (vigesimal)

GRUE language

Yupik